01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Isolation of bacteria from different sources.
2. Microscopic examination of bacteria; wet mount preparation, hanging drop technique, simple staining, gram staining, and acid fast staining.
3. Susceptibility of microbes against antibiotic; antibacterial drug and natural compound.
4. Determination of minimum inhibition concentration of antibiotic (MIC) against isolated bacteria.
5. Measurement of bacterial growth by turbid metric and plate count methods.

Recommended References:

1. Pelczar, M. J.; Chan, E. C. S and Kreig, N. R. (1993). Microbiology. McGraw Hill Inc. USA.
2. Tortora, G. J.; Funke, B. R. and Case, C. L. (1982). Microbiology: An Introduction.
3. Stainer, R. Y.; Adelberg and Ingraham, I. J. General Microbiology. MaCmillan USA.
4. Jawetz, E. J.; Melnick, J.L. and Adelberg, E. (1991). Medical Microbiology.
5. Chowdhury, R. (1990). Modern Medical Microbiology. Bishaw Parichay, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION - A

1. Introduction: historical perspective of major discoveries. Definition of cell and protoplasm theories.
2. Cell Type: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells. Differences between the two types of organism with examples from each.
3. Cell Division A: Introduction to mitosis and meiosis. The important differences between the two processes. Abnormalities in mitosis and meiosis. Causes & its significance.
4. Cell Division B: The phases of the cell cycle, cell cycle check point: types & its significance and cell death. Mechanism of cell division. Cell signaling; Nuclear organization, chromosome replication and cell separation.
5. Cell Structure: Introduction to typical eukaryotic cell. Description and labeled diagram of cellular structure.
6. Techniques in Cell biology: Cytological study of living and dead cells. Cell fractionation.

SECTION- B

7. Cellular Organelles: Description of the structure and function of the major cellular organelles and cytoplasmic inclusions of the eukaryotic cell. Including: Biological membrane: Components, structure and its role, plasma membrane, cell wall composition & structure; nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum: smooth/agranular and rough/granular. Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and chloroplast. Ribosome, lysosomes, Cytoskeletal structures; microfilaments, microtubules, nuclear proteins, chromosome folding.
8. Chromosomes: Morphological structure & architecture and chemical organization of eukaryotic chromosomes and their nomenclature, prokaryotic chromosomes and their characteristics, allocycle and heteropycnosis. Special type of chromosomes: polytene, lambrush, sex, isochromosomes and diplochromosomes. Primary effect of different types of physical and chemical agents of chromosome morphology.
9. Karyotype: Definition, characteristics, constancy and variation and significance.

Recommended References:

1. DeRobertis. E. D. P. and Derobertis. Jr. E. M. F. (1989). Cell and Molecular Biology. 8^th edition. Info. Med. Ltd. Hong Kong.
2. Lchninger. A. L; Nelson D. L; Cox, Michael M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry, 2^nd edition. CBS Publishers and Distributors, India.
3. Smith and Wood (1996). Cell Biology, 2^nd edition. Chapman and Hall Co. Ltd. Uk.
4. Thain. M., and Hichman. M. The Penguin Dictionary of Biology. 9^th Edition. Penguin Pub.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Cytological and cytochemical techniques.
2. Introduction to the microscope. Use and care of the microscope and its development.
3. Different types of microscope available and the various types of microscopy that may be used in cytology. How each type of microscope may be utilized?
4. Preparation of tissue for microscopy. The sequential steps necessary for routine tissue preparation prior to light microscopy and electron microscopy. Variation that may be encountered in tissue preparation when using specialized techniques. Stationing for light and electron microscopy.
5. Study of different stages of mitosis and meiosis.

Recommended References:

1. DeRobertis. E. D. P. and Derobertis. Jr. E. M. F. (1989). Cell and Molecular Biology. 8^th edition. Info. Med. Ltd. Hong Kong.
2. Lchninger. A. L; Nelson D. L; Cox, Michael M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry, 2^nd edition. CBS Publishers and Distributors, India.
3. Smith and Wood (1996). Cell Biology, 2^nd edition. Chapman and Hall Co. Ltd. UK.
4. Thain. M., and Hichman. M. The Penguin Dictionary of Biology. 9^th Edition. Penguin Pub.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Definition, scope and branches of genetics: Importance of genetics in human society: Historical theories of the origin of life and heredity, Heredity and its physical basis: Chromosome theory of heredity, Criteria of genetic material, transformation experiment, chemical nature of genetic material, Brief account of the structure and function of gene. The evaluation of science of genetics leading to the modern biotechnology and Genetic Engineering.
2. Variation: Concept, type and significance of variation in biological world, Natural sources of variation, Causes of genetic variation in asexually reproducing organism (Bacteria, fungi,); Sexual reproductive cycle (Gametogenesis) of viruses, bacteria, yeast, Drosophila and mammals.
3. Mendelism: History and Mendel experiments with pea plants. Mendelian Principles I & II, the physical basis of law of segregation and law of random assortment. Mendelian heredity in human and animal. Some important genetical terms.
4. Beyond the Medelian Genetics: Introduction of genes: Types of interactions and discussion of different kinds of allelic and non-allelic interactions of genes. Modifiers, expressivity, heterosis, transgressive segregation. Multiple factors, xenia, multiple allelism and cytoplasmic inheritance. Linkage: Definition, types and importance of linkage. History and different hypotheses of linkage Detection of linkage. Inheritance pattern of linked genes.

SECTION-B

5. Crossing over: Definition, types and importance of crossing over. Genetical consequences of crossing over. Theories on the mechanisms of crossing over. Generalized mechanism of crossing over. Factors affecting recombination frequencies.
6. Genetical and cytological mapping of chromosomes: Concepts, methods of determining cytological and genetical mapping.
7. Sex chromosomes and sex determination: Discovery of sex chromosomes, different mechanism of sex determination, Manipulation of sex of plants, animals and fishes and its implications.
8. Chromosomal Aberrations: Types of structural and numerical changes of chromosomes and mechanisms, Genetical consequences of changing chromosome structure and number.
9. Gene Mutation: Definition, types of mutagen and mutation, causes & effects of gene mutation and mechanisms.

Recommended References:

1. Islam, A. S (1973). Fundamentals of Genetics, Humaira Islam, Dhaka.
2. Reddi, O. S (1991). Understanding Genetics. Allied publisher Ltd. New Delhi Calcutta, India.
3. Sinnot, E. W.; Dunahu, L. C. and Debzhansky. (1958). Principle of Genetic. Magraw Hill Pvt. Ltd.
4. Strickberger, M. W. (1996). Genetics 3^rd ed. Prentice Hall Inc. USA.
5. Lewin. B (1994). Gene V. Oxford University Press, USA, International Student Edition.
6. Suzuki, et al., (1995). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Working out the problems on Mendelian inheritance pattern.
2. Working out the problems on modified Mendelian inheritance ratios.
3. Working out the problems on two and three point testcross for linkage and crossing over.
4. Working out the problems on linked genes and blood group inheritance.
5. Study of inheritance pattern of some simple and linked inherited characters of human in population.

Recommended References:

1. Islam, A. S (1973). Fundamentals of Genetics, Humaira Islam, Dhaka.
2. Reddi, O. S (1991). Understanding Genetics. Allied publisher Ltd. New Delhi Calcutta, India.
3. Sinnot, E. W.; Dunahu, L. C. and Debzhansky. (1958). Principle of Genetic. Magraw Hill Pvt. Ltd.
4. Strickberger, M. W. (1996). Genetics 3^rd ed. Prentice Hall Inc. USA.
5. Lewin. B (1994). Gene V. Oxford University Press, USA, International Student Edition.
6. Suzuki, et al., (1995). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Basic concepts of Biomolecules.
2. Stereoisomerism: Introduction, enantiomers, chiral centre, configuration, specification of configuration: R and S, Diastereomers, Meso compound, Conformational isomers.
3. Carbohydrates: Nomenclature, classification, optical properties, structures and general reactions, mono and polysaccharides, aminosugars and other important saccharides. Sources and biological functions of major carbohydrates.
4. Lipids: Nomenclature, classification and general reactions of fats, fatty acids and sterols; structure and biological functions of acylglycerols, wax, phospholipids, terpenes, steroids and eicosanoids.

SECTION-B

5. Amino acids and peptides: Structural features, optical activity and classification of amino acids, ionization of amino acids in solutions, titration curve of amino acids, isoelectric properties, and general reactions of amino acids. Peptides of biological interest.
6. Proteins: General introduction; classification based on shape, structure and biological function; sequence determination of protein; preliminary concept on secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins; fibrous proteins: α and β-keratins. Globular proteins: structure of myoglobin, oligomeric proteins and quaternary structure of hemoglobin, oxygen binding curve of hemoglobin and myoglobin.
7. Nucleotides and nucleic acids: Occurrence, structure and physico-chemical properties.

Recommended References:

1. Lehninger. A. L; Nelson D. L. Cox, Michael M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry, 2^nd edition. CBS Publishers and Distributors.
2. Lehninger, Albert L.; (1993). Biochemistry, 2^nd edition, Worth publishers, New York, N. Y. 10016.
3. Bahl, B. S.; Bahl, Arun, (1997). Textbook of Organic Chemistry; S. Chand & Company Ltd. Ramnagar, New Delhi-11005
4. Morrison, R. Thornton, Boyd, R, Neilson, (1997). Organic Chemistry, 6^th edition, Prentice-hall of India private Ltd.; New Delhi-110001.
5. Lubert Stryer; Biochemistry.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Preparation of Buffer solution.
2. Color tests for Carbohydrates: (i) Molisch’s test (ii) Benedict test.
3. Color tests for protein and amino acids: (i) Ninhydrin test (ii) Biuret test for peptide bond.
4. Estimation of sugar content of blood by Nelson Somogy method.
5. etermination of protein content of blood by Biuret method and calculation of A/C ratio.
6. Determination of saponification number of oil.
7. Determination of iodine number of lipid.
8. Paper, thin layer and ion-exchange chromatography.

Recommended References:

1. Lehninger. A. L; Nelson D. L. Cox, Michael M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry, 2^nd edition. CBS Publishers and Distributors.
2. Lehninger, Albert L.; (1993). Biochemistry, 2^nd edition, Worth publishers, New York, N. Y. 10016.
3. Bahl, B. S.; Bahl, Arun, (1997). Textbook of Organic Chemistry; S. Chand & Company Ltd. Ramnagar, New Delhi-11005
4. Morrison, R. Thornton, Boyd, R, Neilson, (1997). Organic Chemistry, 6^th edition, Prentice-hall of India private Ltd.; New Delhi-110001.
5. Lubert Stryer; Biochemistry.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Definition, importance.
2. Evolution: Theories and their criticism; evidences with example and factors.
3. Ecology: Definition, types and fields, importance, habitat, community and ecological factors.
4. Ecosystem: Definition Structure and functioning, types, energy flow, food chains and webs.
5. Reproduction: Definition, types and description of reproduction of Annelids, Molluscas, Chordates and Arthropods with their advantages and disadvantages.

SECTION-B

6. Study of the following with special reference to biotechnological significance. i) Protozoa; ii) Annelida; iii) Mollusca; iv) Chordata v) Arthropoda- introduction; brief classification; role of insects, spiders and mites; concept of insect pests, pesticides; pest control strategies with comparative merits and demerits; definition of bio-agents: predator. Parasitoid and vector; criteria for good bio-agents; predaceous, parasitic and disease transmitting insects and spiders; means and ways of utilizing biological genets in biological control of pests; conservation and augmentation of bio-agents.
7. Diseases of Annelids, Molluscas, Chordates and Arthropods: Definition, classification; of diseases, factors of diseases; utilization of bio-agents or their products in disease control.

Recommended References:

1. Bhamrah, H. S. and K. Junijea. (1993). Cytology and Evolution. Animal publications Pvt. Ltd. India.
2. Shukla, R. S. and P. L. Chandal (1991). Plant Ecology. S. Chand and Compary Ltd. India.
3. Shukla, R. S. and P. L. Chandal (1989). Cytogenetics, Evolution and Plant Breeding. S. Chand and company Ltd. India.
4. Barringtion. E. J. W. (1979). Invertebrate structure and function. ELBS.
5. Bhuiyan , A. H. and R. W. Timn (1974). A Textbook of Biology. Mullick Brother, Dhaka. Bangladesh.
6. Jardan, E. I. and P. S. Verma (1978). Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand and Co. Ltd. Ramgar, Delhi.
7. Parker, T. J. and W. A. Haswell (1990). A Textbook of Zoology (vol. I & II). Low Price Publication, India.
8. Storer, T. I. (1957). General Zoology. Tata Mcgraq Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. India.
9. Sharam. P. D. (1996). Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications.
10. Comstock, J. H. (1957). An Introduction to Entomology. Comstock Public. Co. Ithaca. NY.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Study of the characters and classification of the important representative of different groups of animals; beneficial and harmful Arthropods of major groups.
2. Dissection of the followings: Cockroach/grasshopper-digestive, nervous, reproductive systems, mouthparts; palaemon-digestive and nervous systems.
3. Care and maintenance of bee hive, silk worms and lac insects.
4. Collection and preservation of different kinds of animals.

Recommended References:

1. Bhamrah, H. S. and K. Junjea. (1993). Cytology and Evolution. Animal publications Pvt. Ltd. India.
2. Shukla, R. S. and P. L. Chandal (1991). Plant Ecology. S. Chand and Company Ltd. India.
3. Shukla, R. S. and P. L. Chandal (1989). Cytogenetics, Evolution and Plant Breeding. S. Chand and company Ltd. India.
4. Barringtion. E. J. W. (1979). Invertebrate structure and function. ELBS.
5. Bhuiyan , A. H. and R. W. Timn (1974). A Textbook of Biology. Mullick Brother, Dhaka. Bangladesh.
6. Jardan, E. I. and P. S. Verma (1978). Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand and Co. Ltd. Ramgar, Delhi.
7. Parker, T. J. and W. A. Haswell (1990). A Textbook of Zoology (vol. I & II). Low Price Publication, India.
8. Storer, T. I. (1957). General Zoology. Tata Mcgraq Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. India.
9. Sharam. P. D. (1996). Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications.
10. Comstock, J. H. (1957). An Introduction to Entomology. Comstock Public. Co. Ithaca. NY.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Structure and properties of organic molecules: Chemical bonding and structural theory, concept of hybridization; hybrid orbitals, intramolecular force, polarity of bonds and molecules, intermolecular force, boiling point and melting point, solubility, acidic and basic properties.
2. Characteristic chemical reactions with particular reference to the function groups: Free radical reaction, nucleophilic substitution reaction, nucleophilic addition reaction, elimination reactions, electrophilic substitution reactions and electrophilic addition reactions.
3. Role of solvent and secondary bonding, solubility; non-ionic and ionic, the S_N1 and S_N2

      reactions; role of solvent, Solvolysis, medium; a message, concept of conjugation and resonance.

4. Some important organic reactions: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and acylation, aldol condensation reactions, Reimer-Tiemann reactions, Kolbe reaction.

SECTION-B

5. Determination of structure: Spectroscopic methods, electromagnetic spectrum, absorption of electromagnetic radiation by organic molecules, a spectrophotometer- an absorption spectrum.
6. Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy: Electronic transitions definition of some terms and designation of UV absorption bands, general applications of Ultraviolet spectroscopy.
7. Infrared spectroscopy: Absorption in the Infrared region, molecular vibrations and calculation of vibrational frequencies, Interpretation of Infrared spectra-characterization of functional groups, application of infrared spectra.
8. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR): Theory of NMR spectroscopy, chemical shift, spin-spin coupling, coupling constant, carbon-13 NMR (CMR) spectroscopy, application of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy.

Recommended References:

1. Bahl, B.S. and Bahl, A. (1983). Advanced Organic Chemistry. 12^th revised edition, S. Chand and Company Ltd, Ramnagar, New Delhi, India.
2. Brown, T. L; Le May, Jr. H. E and Bursten B. E. (1977). Chemistry the Central Science, 5yh edition, Precite Hall, Englewood Cliffes.
3. Delgado, J.N. and Remors, W. A. (1991). Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; 9^th edition, J. B. Lippincott Company.
4. Finar. I. L. (1990). Organic Chemistry, Vol-I and II; 6^th edition, English Language Book Society (ELBS), Longman, Sydney.
5. Kalsi, P.S. 1996. Spectroscopy. New Age International Ltd. Pub. New Delhi, India
6. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd R. N. (1992). Organic Chemistry, 6^th edition, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. India.
7. Raymond, C. (1981). Chemistry, 5^th Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, Inc.
8. Streitwieser, J. A; Healthcock, I.C.H. (1981). Introduction to Organic chemistry, Second edition Memillan Publishing Co, New York.
9. Tewari, K. S. Mehrotra, S. N. Vishnoi, N. K. (1994). A Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Experimental techniques
2. Investigation and characterization of organic compounds;

      a) Preliminary examinations

      b) The study of solubility behavior

      c) Detection of elements present

      d) Functional group identification

3. Spectroscopic study of organic compounds.
4. Separation of mixture of organic compounds; chromatographic technique.

Recommended References:

1. Bahl, B.S. and Bahl, A. (1983). Advanced Organic Chemistry. 12^th revised edition, S. Chand and Company Ltd, Ramnagar, New Delhi, India.
2. Brown, T. L; Le May, Jr. H. E and Bursten B. E. (1977). Chemistry the Central Science, 5yh edition, Precite Hall, Englewood Cliffes.
3. Delgado, J.N. and Remors, W. A. (1991). Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; 9^th edition, J. B. Lippincott Company.
4. Finar. I. L. (1990). Organic Chemistry, Vol-I and II; 6^th edition, English Language Book Society (ELBS), Longman, Sydney.
5. Kalsi, P.S. 1996. Spectroscopy. New Age International Ltd. Pub. New Delhi, India
6. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd R. N. (1992). Organic Chemistry, 6^th edition, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. India.
7. Raymond, C. (1981). Chemistry, 5^th Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, Inc.
8. Streitwieser, J. A; Healthcock, I.C.H. (1981). Introduction to Organic chemistry, Second edition Memillan Publishing Co, New York.
9. Tewari, K. S. Mehrotra, S. N. Vishnoi, N. K. (1994). A Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Actinomycetes: General characteristics, morphology, cell wall compositions, reproduction and importance.
2. Cyanobacteria: Characteristics, range of structure, fine structure of cyanobacterial cell, reproduction. Heterocysts: type’s structure and functions.
3. Fungi: Characteristics, reproduction, importance and classification.
4. Chytridiomycota: Characteristics, structure, importance and reproduction. Life cycle of Synchytrium endobioticum.
5. Zygomycota: Zygomycetes-Introduction, general characteristics and importance. Mucorales – Somatic structures, reproduction. Life cycle of Mucor sp.

SECTION-B

6. Ascomycota: Ascomycetes- Introduction, occurrence and importance, general characteristics, somatic structure, reproduction, assosporoganesis, asci and ascocarp.
7. Deuteromycetes: Introduction, types of conidiomata; types of pycnidia; conidia, conidiogenous cells conidium ontogeny, types of phialides.
8. Archiascomycetes: Life cycle of Schizosaccharomyces octosporus; Saccharomycetales- introduction, occurrence and importance, food yeasts, fermentation and alcoholic beverages, human pathogens somatic structures. Life cycles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomycodes ludwigii.
9. Filamentous Ascomycetes: Eurotiales- Introduction, life cycle pattern. Trichocomaceae. Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp.-occurrence, structure, reproduction, life cycle and importance.
10. Basidiomycetes – Introduction, occurrence, structure and importance, basidiocarps, basidia, basidiophores, reproduction. Agaricales-introduction occurrence, structure and importance; edible and poisonous mushrooms, reproduction. Mode of basidiocarp development. Life cycle of Agaricus sp.

Recommended References:

1. Aiexopoulos et al. (1996). Introductory mycology. John wiley & sons, Inc.
2. Pelczer, M. J. Jr. et al (1993). Microbiology. 4^th eidtion. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
3. Tortora, G. J.; Funke, B. R. and Case, C. L. (1982). Microbiology: An Introduction.
4. Stainer, R. Y.; Adelberg and Ingraham, I. J. General Microbiology. MaCmillan USA.
5. Jawetz, E. J.; Melnick, J.L. and Adelberg, E. (1991). Medical Microbiology.
6. Chowdhury, R. (1990). Modern Medical Microbiology. Bishaw Parichay, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Isolation and cultivation of actinomycetes, cyanobacteria and fungi.

2. Study of the characteristics, mode of reproduction of isolated actinomycetes, cyanobacteria and fungi.
3. Study of heterocysts.

Recommended References:

1. Aiexopoulos et al. (1996). Introductory mycology. John wiley & sons, Inc.
2. Pelczer, M. J. Jr. et al (1993). Microbiology. 4^th eidtion. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
3. Tortora, G. J.; Funke, B. R. and Case, C. L. (1982). Microbiology: An Introduction.
4. Stainer, R. Y.; Adelberg and Ingraham, I. J. General Microbiology. MaCmillan USA.
5. Jawetz, E. J.; Melnick, J.L. and Adelberg, E. (1991). Medical Microbiology.
6. Chowdhury, R. (1990). Modern Medical Microbiology. Bishaw Parichay, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction to Plant Breeding: Definition, nature, scope and history of plant breeding, objectives of plant breeding. What should a plant breeder know? Variation: the basis of crop improvement. Some important achievements and future prospects of plant breeding nationals and international institutes engaged in crop improvement: Their nature of work.
2. Mode of Reproduction in Relation to Breeding Methods and Pollination Control: Relevance of mode of reproduction to plant breeding. Modes and methods of reproduction, modes of pollination, antithesis, mechanisms and genetic significance of pollination control method. Self-incompatibility and male sterility.
3. Qualitative and Quantitative Characters and Their Inheritance pattern: Polygenic inheritance and continuous variation, multiple factor hypothesis, pleiotrophy, pentrance and expressively. Concept of yield and yield contributing characters of some important crops.
4. General Description of the Methods of the Crop Improvement: Plant introduction, selection: Pure line, mass, pedigree, recurrent, single seed descent and colonel selection, hybridization, ploidy and mutation breeding.
5. Hybridization Techniques and Consequences: Definition, objectives, types, prerequisites, advantages and disadvantages of hybridization. Selfing and crossing techniques difficulties and precautions, rising of the F1 generation, techniques in field trails.
6. Heterosis and Inbreeding Depression: Inbreeding depression, genetic effects of inbreeding depression (in plants, animals, human and fishes), degree of inbreeding depression outbreeding, crossbreeding; practical application of inbreeding. Heterosis- Types, estimation, historical background and theories of heterosis. Heterosis in self & cross-pollinated crops and its application. Genetical basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression.

SECTION-B

7. Methods of Breeding: Self-pollinated (rice, wheat); cross-pollinated (maize) and asexually propagated crops e.g.; potato sugarcane.
8. Methods of Ploidy and Mutation Breeding of Crops: Breeding of self-pollinated, cross-pollinated and clonally propagated crops using mutagens and changing of ploidy level.
9. Breeding for Insect and Disease Resistance: Improvement of crops resistant to insect pests and diseases.
10. Germplasm/Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) and Germplasm Conservation: Definition and classification of germplasm/(PGR), biodiversity, and genetic diversity and its significance, genetic corrosion, causes of genetic corrosion, possible dangers from genetic erosion, importance/implication and methods of germplasm conservation.
11. Distant hybridization in plant breeding: Concept, objectives and techniques of production of distant hybrids, applications and limitations in crop improvement. Barriers to the production of distant hybrids.
12. Improved Seeds: Classes of improved seeds, their production practices, release and evaluation of new varieties. Distribution of improved seeds in Bangladesh

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Techniques of Hybridization: Parent selection, emasculation pollination, bagging and labeling of rice, wheat, maize and plants of Cucurbitacea family.
2. Harvesting of F₁ seeds and recording data.
3. Handling of F₁ hybrids, germinating F₁ seeds and growing of F₁ plants.
4. Estimation of heterosis and heritability.
5. Pollen viability testing, pollen germination and pollen tube growth testing.
6. Self- incompatibility and male sterility testing.
7. Handling of plants in the F₂ generation: Growing of F₂ plants for particular characters to be studied.
8. Determination of probable number of genes controlling the characters under study.
9. Practice of induction of polyploidy (e. g. triploidy) by colchicine treatment.
10. Preparation of report on visit of a research institution.

Recommended References:

1. Allard, R. W. (1960). Principles of Plant Breeding, John Wiley & Sons Inc. NY, London.
2. Simmonds, N.W. (1979). Principles of crop Improvement. Longman NY.
3. Poehlman, J. M. and Borthakur, D. (1969). Breeding Asian Field Crops. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta.
4. Chopra, V. L. (1989). Plant Breeding. Oxford & IBH Publishing co. Pvt. ltd. New Delhi.
5. Frey. J. K; Plant Breeding I & II. Kalayni Publishers, Ludiana, New delhi, Calcutta.
6. Elliott, F. C. (1958). Plant Breeding and cytogenetics. McGraw Hill Book Inc. New York.
7. Hayes, H. K.; Immer, F. R. and Smith, D. C (1955). Methods of Plant Breeding. McGraw Hill Book Inc. NY.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Nutrition of bacteria: Major and minor bio-elements, basic mechanisms of ATP synthesis, growth factor requirements of bacteria.
2. ATP synthesis by Escherichia coli during aerobic growth on glucose.
3. Biosynthesis of E. coli cells from glucose.
4. Aerobic growth of E. coli on substrates other than glucose.
5. Metabolic diversity of aerobic heterotrophs.

SECTION-B

6. Catabolic activities of aerobic heterotrophs.
7. Regulation of bacterial metabolism.
8. Bacterial fermentation.
9. Chemolithotrophic and phototrophic metabolism.
10. Fixation of molecular nitrogen.

Recommended References:

1. Conn, E. E. Stumpt, P. K. (1994). Outline of Biotechnology 4^th editon. Wiley Eastern limited, New age International Limited.
2. Gottschalk, Gerhard (1988). Bacterial metabolism 2^nd edition, Springer, Springer-vrlag.
3. lehninger, A; Nelson. D. L; Cox, M. M. (1993). Principles of Biotechnology 1^st indian edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors.
4. Murray, R. K. Granner, D. K., Mayes P. A. Rodwell, V. W. (1988). Harper's Biochemistry. 2^nd edition, Prentic Hall International.
5. Strayer, Lubert, (1988). Biochemistry, 3nd edition, Q. H. Freeman and Company, New York.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. General Physiology: Introduction to human physiology, homeostasis, cell structure, membrane transport, cell membrane potential, action potential, excitation rhythmical.
2. Blood: Composition, origin, functions and functions in general; properties of plasma proteins, erythrocytes-morphology, function, developmental fate, leukocytes-morphology, function, classification, properties, development; thrombocytes-morphology, function, development; hemoglobin-synthesis, structure, function, fate; homeostasis and coagulation-concept of coagulation, anti-coagulation; Blood groups-ABO system; R^h factor, lymph-function circulation.
3. Cardio Vascular System: Structure and properties of cardiac muscle, generation and conduction of cardiac impulse, electro physiology of cardiac muscle (E. C. G); events of cardiac cycle and cardiac outputs, heart rate, factors affecting heart rate, hemodynamic, blood pressure and its regulation.
4. Respiratory System: Introduction of respiratory apparatus and pulmonary circulating, mechanism of respiration, pulmonary ventilating, pulmonary volume, alveolar ventilation, capacities, gaseous exchange, ventilation-perfusion relationship, oxygen transport, oxygen dissociation and saturation curve, carbon-dioxide transport, oxygen carriage, regulation of respiration-nervous and chemical.
5. Urinary System: Structure and function of kidney, renal circulation, urine formation-filtration, re-absorptions of different components of tubular fluid, secretion of substances by the kidney, concentration of urine, concept of plasma clearance. Acidification of urine.

SECTION-B

6. Nervous System: Organization of the nervous system, neuron, glial cells, nerve impulse, synapse. Synaptic and neuron-muscular transmission, Neuro transmitter's.
7. a) Reproductive System: Introduction to reproductive organs, puberty, menarche and menopause. Female Reproductive Organ: Structure and functional aspects of ovary and ovarian cycle, menstrual cycle, Female Reproductive System of Farm Animals: Anatomy of primary organ and secondary organ and their functions.

b) Male Reproductive Organ: Structure of testes, spermatogenesis steps and control, fertility, fertility control and sterility. Male Reproductive System of Farm Animals: Anatomy of primary organ and secondary organ and their functions.

8. Oestrous cycle of Farm Animals: Marshall phases of oestrous cycle, follicular phase and luteal phase, length of oestrous cycle, duration of oestrus and time of ovulation, survivability of sperm and egg in female reproductive tract, breeding season. Techniques in endocrinology, hormones of reproduction with its origin, classification and functions.
9. Pregnancy and Parturition: Physiology of pregnancy, stages of ovum, embryo and fetus, changes in uterus and its contents and mammary gland during pregnancy, placenta and its functions. Various stages of parturition and evolution of the uterus, normal and abnormal presentation of fetus.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Use of Microscope.
2. Total count of B. R. C; W. B. C & Platelets, differential count of W. B. C.
3. Estimation of hemoglobin.
4. Determination of PCV, MCH, MCHC and E. S. R.
5. Blood grouping and cross matching
6. Measurement of normal blood pressure and effect of posture/ exercise on it.
7. Electrocardiography.
8. Identification and handling of farm animals.
9. Study of male and female reproductive organs of farm animals.
10. Heat detection in farm animals.
11. Visit to cattle, buffalo, poultry farms and artificial insemination (AI) centers

Recommended References:

1. Bijlani, R. L. (1995). Understanding Medical Physiology: A Text book of Medical Students. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd. India.
2. Chaudhuri, S. K. (1997). Concise Medical Physiology. New Central book agency Pct. Ltd. Calcutta.
3. Ganong, W. F. (1997). Review of Medical Physiology, 18^th edition, appleton and lange, stamford, Connecticut.
4. Guyton,. A. C. and Hall J. E. (1995). Textbook of medical Physiology. W. B. Saunders Co.
5. Nielson, K. S. (1990). Animal Physiolog, 4^th edition.
6. Swenson, M. J. (1977). Duke's Physiology of Domestic Animal, CBS Publishers and Distributors Delhi, India.
7. G. W. Salisbury & N. L. Vandermark, ...... Physiology of Reproduction & Artiicial Insenination of cattle.
8. Banerjee, G. C. (1996). A Text book of Animal Husbandry, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. India.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Importance, scope and application of plant physiology.

2. Mineral Nutrition: The chemical composition of the plant, classification of plant nutrients, deficiency symptoms and physiological role of macro and micronutrients. Hydroponics and its significance.
3. Photosynthesis: photosynthetic apparatus and pigment system, transformation of light energy into chemical energy, factors affecting photosynthesis, C₃, C₄ and CAM pathways. Significance of photosynthesis. Source and sink relationship.
4. Respiration: Types, respiratory substrates, respiratory quitients, glycolysis, Kreb Cycle, and electron transport system (ETS). Hexon-monophosphate pathway (HMP), photorespiration and its significance.

SECTION-B

3. Plant Growth Regulators: Occurrence, classification; physiological & biochemical role of different kinds of growth regulators. Uses of phytohormones in agriculture and plant tissue culture.
4. Physiology of flowering: Mechanism of flowering, florigen and its role in flowering, light image and flowering, photoperiodism and vernalization.
5. Growth and Development: Definition and measurement, factors influencing growth and development, vegetative and reproductive growth, shoot growth patterns, life processes of plants. Concept of leaf area index (LAI), Absolute growth rate and relative growth rate.
6. Dormancy and Germination of Seeds: Definition of dormancy, germination and seed viability. Types and causes of dormancy, artificial breaking of dormancy. Types of germination, process of germination and germination tests. Causes of losses of seed viability, parts of monocot and dicot seedlings.

Recommended References:

1. Datta, S. C. (1994). Plant Physiology. Wiley Eastern Limited and New Age International Limited, New Delhi, India.
2. Lea, P). J. and Hohn, R. C. L. (1993). Plant Biochemistry and Molucular Biology. Edited by Willey and Sons. NY.
3. Malik, C. P. (1981). Plant Physiology. Kalyani Publishers New Delhi, India.
4. Salisbury and Ross (1986). Plant Physiology. CBS Publishers, New Delhi, India.

02 Hours per Week 02 Credits

SECTION- A:

1. Programming with Visual tools: Basic concept, object, method, event, event-driven programming, the BVIDE, working with forms, basic active control: text box control, list box control, comb box control, file control, command button, MSFlex grid control. Visual basic language, variable, constants, arrays, dynamic arrays, collections, procedures: subroutines, functions, calling procedures, arguments, control flow statements: if .. then, if .. then .. else, select case. Loop statements: Do loop, for .. next, nested control structures, the exit statement.
2. Programming with C/C++: Constants, variables, data types, operators, expression, input and output operations, branching, looping, arrays, pointer, functions, structures and union, files, dynamic memory allocation.

SECTION- B

3. Database programming, data base, DBMS, relational concepts, keys, referential integrity, introduction to SQL, basic structure, joins, attaching queries to a database, the data control, advanced data bound controls, the ADO data control, entering data, accessing fields in record sets.
4. HTML and Font page.
5. Applications: Introduction and applications of Agrobase, WINBOT, BLAST, PDB, Perl and Linux programs.
6. Retrieving information using internet and CD-ROM.

Recommended References:

1. Peroutsos, E. 2001. Mastering Visual Basic 6.0. McGraw Hill Book Inc, UK, Singapore.
2. Korth, H. F. and Silberschartz, A. 2003. Database System Concepts. Wiley Interscience, Inc. Singapore:
3. Kerninghan, B.W. and Dennis, M. 2002. Programming Language, McGraw Hill, India.
4. Kortha. S. Silberschatz. 2002. Database System Concepts. McGraw Hill, India.
5. Deborah, S. and Roy, E.S. 2003. Mastering HTML. Wily Interscience. Singapore

02 Hours per Week 01 Credits

Laboratory work based on CSE 2152

Student will complete projects with proper documentation as assigned by course teacher.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Bioenergetics and Metabolism: Bioenergetics and thermodynamics, high energy compound, the ATP cycle, occurrence and properties of ATP, ADP and AMP, ATP, transfer of phosphate group. ATP as the source of energy, role of AMP and Pyrophosphate, other high energy compounds.
2. Mitochondria: Structure, enzyme localization, mitochondrial electron flow, electron carriers.
3. Biological Oxidation and Reduction Reactions.
4. Dehydrogenases and Oxidases.
5. Oxidative phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
6. ATP Synthesis: Coupling with respiratory electron flow, the chemiosmotic model.
7. Mitochondrial oxidation of cytosolic NADH, energetics of electron transport, uncoupling and inhibition of electron transport, regulation of oxidative phosphorylation.

SECTION-B

8. Regulation of enzyme activity: Enzyme availability, alteration of catalytic efficiency of enzyme.
9. Hormones: General Introduction, classification and chemistry, feed back control, communication among cells and tissues; control of hormone secretion, mechanism for second messenger generation; role of CAMP, Ca2t as 2^nd messengers; Hormone action and phosphotidyl insotitol, mechanism of action of Epinephrine, Glucagon, Insulin and steroid hormone.
10. Metabolic Integration: General Introduction; regulation of metabolism in liver, muscle and adipose tissues.

Recommended References:

1. Albert L. Lehninger, David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox (1993). Principles of Biochemistry, 2^nd edn., CBS publishers and distributors, 485 Jain Bhawan, Bholanath Nagar, Shahdara, Delhi-110032, India.
2. Arthur C Guyton, John E Hall (1996). Textbook of Medical Physiology, 9^th edn., W. B. Saunders Company, Prism Books Ltd (pvt). Bangalore, India.
3. B. R. Martin (1988). Metabolic Regulation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford London, Edinbergh.
4. Robert K Murray, Deryl K Granner, Peter A. Mayes, Victor W. Rodwell (1997). Herper's Biochemistry, 24^th edn., Prentice-Hall International Inc. USA.
5. Strayer L. (1998). Biochemistry 3^rd edition, W, H. Freeman and company, New York.
6. William F Ganong (1998). Review of Medical Physiology, 18^th ed Prentice Hall International Inc. Canada.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Chemistry of Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids: Structure and physico-chemical properties of nucleotides and nucleosides; structure and chemistry of nucleic acids; molecular weight determination of nucleic acids; structures of RNAS, structure of DNA, different physico-chemical properties such as tm value, Cot curve, hybridization kinetics; homoduplex; different conformations of cruciform structure.
2. Packaging of DNA: Organization of mucleosomes in chromatin, constitution of the prokaryotic genome, organization of histone octamer.
3. DNA Replication: Mode of replication, DNA polymerases, mechanism and control of DNA synthesis.

SECTION-B

4. Transcription: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA polymerase, mechanism of transcription, reverse transcriptase, regulation of transcription-operon models, and RNA splicing.
5. Translation: Genetic codes, specificity, redundancy and Wobble hypothesis with experimental evidences, colomearity of gene and protein structure.
6. Protein Synthesis: Ribosome structure: Protein synthesis; initiation, elongation and termination; control of translation of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Recommended References:

1. Adams, R. L. P., Burden, R. H, Camphel, L. D. P. Smelline, R. M. S. (1981). The Biochemistry of the Nucleic acids 9^th edition, Campbell and Hall.
2. Campe, Pamela C Harvey, Richard A. (1987). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry, School Edition, J. B. Lipponcottg Company, Philadehia.
3. De Robertis, E. D. P. De Robertis, Jr. E. M. E. (1988). Cell and Molecular Biology, 8^th Edition (International Edition), Info-Med.
4. Lehninger, Albert L, Nelson David L. Cox Mixhael M (1993). Principle of Biochemistry, First edition. CBS Publishers & Distibute, India.
5. Murray, R. K. Granner, D. K. Mayes, P. A. Rodwell, V. W. (1988). Harper's Biochemistry. 22^nd edition. Prentice Hall International.
6. Sambrook, H., Fritsch, E. F. Maniatis, T. T. (1989). Molecular Cloning, 2^nd Edition, Cold Spring hurbor Laboratry Press.
7. Stryer, Lubert. (1988). Biochemistry, 3^rd edition, W. H. Freeman and Company New York.
8. Watson, J. D. (1976). Molecular Biology of the Gene, 3nd edition, W. A. Benzamin Inc.
9. Watson, J. D. Gilman. M. Witkowski, J., Zoolerr, M. (1992). Recombinant DNA Technology, Scientific American Books.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Concept of animal genetics and breeding taxonomy and terminology, domestication of animals, Need of animal products, qualitative and quantitative traits breeds of dairy cattle beef cattle, dairy buffaloes, sheep, goat, swine and poultry.
2. Genes-their functions and role in animal genetics: Nature of gene, control of gene function, genetic engineering, somatic and sex cells-mutations, multiple alleles, blood group in animals, detrimental and lethal alleles in farm animals; chromosome aberrations non-genetic defects, hereditary diseases and defects, genetic resistance to disease, conjoined individuals, identification of genetic and non-genetic defects.
3. Classical Genetics: Sex determination and differentiation, sex chromosome and sex-linked, sex-limited, sex-influenced characters in domestic animals.
4. Principles of Animals Breeding: Selection, methods of selection, variation, traits for selection, breeding efficiency, heritability and repeatability.

SECTION-B

5. Systems of Breeding: Inbreeding, outbreeding, topcrossing, grading, crossbreeding, inter semating, criss crossing, triple crossing, guidelines in the use of inbreeding and out -breeding systems breeding plans for cattle in developing countries.
6. Artificial Insemination (AI): History and advantages of AI; collection, evaluation, dilution, and preservation of semen; factors influencing the quality and quantity of semen: advantages of frozen semen; transportation of semen; insemination techniques; the significance of AI in animal breeding.
7. Factors influencing Cattle Fertility: Infections, anatomical, functional, manage mental and genetic factors of infertility, recommended practices for improving fertility.
8. Artificial Control of Oestrus, Ovulation and Pregnancy Diagnosis of Cattle, Synchronization, super ovulation, and early pregnancy diagnosis.

Recommended References:

1. Banerjee, G. C. (1987). A Text Book of Animal Husbandry, 6the edition. Oxford, and IBH Publishing Company, NY, Delhi, Calcutta & Mumbai.
2. Dalton, D. C. (1987). An Introduction to Practical Animal Breeding English Language Book Society Collins.
3. Frederick B. Hutt (1982). Animal Genetics, John Wiley & Sons Co. Ny, Singapore.
4. Gordon. I. (1983). Controlled Breeding in Farm Animals, Pergamon Press, Oxford, NY & Sydney.
5. Hafez E. S. E. (1987). Reproduction in Farm Animals. 5^th edition, Lea & Febiger Philadeelphia.
6. Janusz M, and Jozef Zieba (1982). Genetics and Animal Breeing, Part A. Biological and genetic foundations of animal breeding. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Compary, Amsterdam, Oxford, NY.
7. Janusz, M. and Jozef Zieba (1982). Genetics and animal breeding, part B. Stock improvement Methods, Elsevier Scientific publishing company, Amsterdam, Oxford, NY.
8. John F. Laseley (Genetics of livestock improvement. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited. New Delhi-110001.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Handling and studies on life cycle of laboratory animals.
2. Studies on the polytene chromosome of Drosophila; and haploid & diploid chromosomes of farm animals.
3. Studies of the cell division and Mendelian genetics in farm animals.
4. Traits considered by breeders of farm livestock: Dairy cattle, beef cattle; sheep (meat), sheep (wool); pigs and poultry.
5. Variation: Comparison between populations.
6. Selection: Artificial and natural selection-culling.
7. Breeding value.
8. Breeding methods.
9. Breeding in Practice: Practical breeding plans- Identification, Dairy cattle breeding, beef cattle Breeding, Dual-purpose cattle breeding, sheep breeding, Dual purpose sheep breeding, pig breeding, poultry breeding.
10. Practical demonstration on collection, preservation and evaluation of bull semen.
11. Learning of artificial insemination technique.

Recommended References:

1. Banerjee, G. C. (1987). A Text Book of Animal Husbandry, 6the edition. Oxford, and IBH Publishing Company, NY, Delhi, Calcutta & Mumbai.
2. Dalton, D. C. (1987). An Introduction to Practical Animal Breeding English Language Book Society Collins.
3. Frederick B. Hutt (1982). Animal Genetics, John Wiley & Sons Co. Ny, Singapore.
4. Gordon. I. (1983). Controlled Breeding in Farm Animals, Pergamon Press, Oxford, NY & Sydney.
5. Hafez E. S. E. (1987). Reproduction in Farm Animals. 5^th edition, Lea & Febiger Philadeelphia.
6. Janusz M, and Jozef Zieba (1982). Genetics and Animal Breeing, Part A. Biological and genetic foundations of animal breeding. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Compary, Amsterdam, Oxford, NY.
7. Janusz, M. and Jozef Zieba (1982). Genetics and animal breeding, part B. Stock improvement Methods, Elsevier Scientific publishing company, Amsterdam, Oxford, NY.
8. John F. Laseley (Genetics of livestock improvement. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited. New Delhi-110001.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Definition, division of statistics and scope of biometry.
2. Basic Concepts: Variables-definition and classification of variables; population and sample and data; sampling procedure, use of random number, data classification, sources of data and collection procedure, accuracy and precision of data, presentation of data principle in construction of table, Frequency distribution and construction of frequency distribution table; graphical presentation frequency distribution and curve.
3. Measures of Location: Introduction, characteristics of ideal measures of location, different kinds of measures of location: arithmetic, geometric and harmonic mean, median and mode. Empirical relationship among arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means and also with mode and median.
4. Measures of Dispersion: Introduction, characteristics of ideal measures of dispersion, different kinds of measures of dispersion, empirical relation ship among quartile deviation standard deviation and mean deviation, moments, skewness and kurtosis.
5. Probability: Basic concepts, definition, laws of probability and its application in biological sciences, binary and Position distribution.

SECTION-B

6. Correlation and Regression: Introduction to correlation and regression, rank, types of correlation, simple, multiple and partial correlation, simple linear and multiple regression.
7. Test of Hypothesis: Introduction to hypothesis and experiment, normal test, t-test, chi-square test, and F-test.
8. Design of Experiment and Analysis of Variance: Introduction, some basic terms in experimental design, Principles and types of design, important steps in design of experiments, field plot and laboratory technique, determination of number of latin square, split plot and Factorial design, test of significance.
9. Data Transformation: Introduction, significance of data transformation, square root, logarithmic and arcsine transformation.

Recommended References:

1. Baily, N. T. J. (1994). Statistical Methods in Biology. Cambridge University Press, U.K.
2. Cochran, W. G. and Cox, G. M. (1950). Experimental Designs. Wiley Publications. Singapore.
3. Cochran, W, G. (1963). Sampling Techniques. Wiley Publications. Singapore.
4. Gomez., A and Gomez. (1995). Statistical Methods in Agricultural Experiments. Wiley Publications. Singapore.
5. Kamal, Rahim and H. Zaman (1992). Simple Lessons From Biometry. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur.
6. Mian, M. & Miyan; Alimullah, M. (1984). Introduction to statistics. Ideal Library, Dhaka.
7. Steel, R. D. G. and Torry, J. H. (1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill book co. Inc. New York.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Condensation and graphical presentation of data.
2. Construction of frequency distribution table
3. Calculation of measures of central values: means, mode, median, dispersions, kurtosis and skewness.
4. Calculation and uses of normal test, t-test, chip-square test, and F-test.
5. Estimation of regression coefficient and correlation coefficient and their corresponding tests.
6. Field layout, data analysis an interpretation relevant to different designs.

Recommended References:

1. Baily, N. T. J. (1994). Statistical Methods in Biology. Cambridge University Press, U.K.
2. Cochran, W. G. and Cox, G. M. (1950). Experimental Designs. Wiley Publications. Singapore.
3. Cochran, W, G. (1963). Sampling Techniques. Wiley Publications. Singapore.
4. Gomez., A and Gomez. (1995). Statistical Methods in Agricultural Experiments. Wiley Publications. Singapore.
5. Kamal, Rahim and H. Zaman (1992). Simple Lessons From Biometry. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur.
6. Mian, M. & Miyan; Alimullah, M. (1984). Introduction to statistics. Ideal Library, Dhaka.
7. Steel, R. D. G. and Torry, J. H. (1960> Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill book co. Inc. New York.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Bacterial Chromosome: Structure and Replication (Review).
2. Plasmid: Introduction, structure and replication, replication of Col E1, R6k and conjugative plasmid control of plasmid replication, plasmid curing r-plasmid and antibiotic resistance, mechanism of antibiotic resistance.
3. Conjugation: F⁺ and F^- like plasmids, tra-operon, sex pilli, formation of hfr strain, gene mapping by conjugation analysis, transfer of non-conjugative plasmid by conjugative plasmid, plasmid mobilization, chromosome transfer by cultures of E. coli k-12. conjugation and chromosome transfer in other bacteria, conjugal transfer of r-plasmid.
4. Transformation and Electroporation: Competence, uptake of DNA, transfection. artificially induced competence. DNA transfer by electroppration.
5. Transduction: Generalized tranduction, experimental evidence, origin of generalized tranducing phages, genetic mapping by different transductant classes. Specialized transduction, experimental evidence, origin of specialized tranducing phage particle.

SECTION-B

6. Phage genetics: Phage T4 life cycle (lysis Vs lysogeny), genetic recombination in phage T4, genetic fine structure, unit of function. Phage x174- life cycle, genetic organization.
7. Transposon and insertion insertion sequences: Transposable eliments, the mechanism of trnaposition. Tranposon mutagenesis.
8. Molecular cloning: Restriction endonuclease and digestion of DNA. Ligases; plunt ended ligation, linker. Homopolymar tailing. Cloning Vector; use of bacterial plasmid, λ DNA, Cosmid, yeast plasmid as cloning vector. Gene libraries.
9. Yeast Genetics: Mating type genetics of yeast, veast plasmid, mitrocondrial inheritance in yeast.

Recommended References:

1. Avers, C. J. (1990). Genetics. Freeman and co. NY.
2. Broce, T. D. Madigan, M. T. Martinco, J. M. and Parker, J. (1990). Biology of Microorganism.
3. Hardy, K. M. (1986). Bacterial Plasmid. published by American Society of Microbiology.
4. Strickberger, M. W. (1990). Genetics. Macmillan pub. Co. NY.
5. Suzuki, Griffith and Miller. (1986). Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W. H. freeman and Co. USA.

02 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Conjugal transfer of R- Plasmid.
2. Plasmid Curing.
3. Transformation of E. coli K-12 with plasmid DNA.
4. Transudation experiment with available temperate phage and lysogenic bacteria.

Recommended References:

1. Avers, C. J. (1990). Genetics. Freeman and co. NY.
2. Broce, T. D. Madigan, M. T. Martinco, J. M. and Parker, J. (1990). Biology of Microorganism.
3. Hardy, K. M. (1986). Bacterial Plasmid. published by American Society of Microbiology.
4. Strickberger, M. W. (1990). Genetics. Macmillan pub. Co. NY.
5. Suzuki, Griffith and Miller. (1986). Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W. H. freeman and Co. USA.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Chromosomes & their structure, genetic maps, relation between chromosome morphology and genetic maps, Genetic control of structure & behavior, sex determination, molecular cytogenetics.
2. Chromosomal Aberrations:

(a)    Deletions and duplication: Origin, occurrence, types, production, detection & location, uses, effects of duplication & deficiencies on crossing over, applications of deletion and duplications.

(b)   Inversions and translocations: Origin, types, production, identification of chromosomes involved in inversion & interchanges, interchromosomal effect, role in evolution and karyotype, breeding behavior and its applications.

3. Banding of chromosome and karyotyping: Karyotyping, salivary gland chromosomes of drosophila, karyotyping without banding, fluorescent banding, banding technique in karyotyping
4. Haploid: Classification, origin, occurrence & production of haploids, detection of haploids, phenotypic effect of haploidy, meiosis & breeding behavior of haploids, use of haploids in plant breeding & other research program.
5. Polyploidy:

a)      Autopolyplody: Origin, occurrence, types, phenotypic effect, mitotic behavior, breeding behavior, genetics of autopolyploids, applications of polyploids.

b)      Allopolyploidy & genome analysis, synthesis of new genera and species.

c)      Aneuploidy: Trisomics and tetrasomics in plants, trisomics & tetrasomic in human and other animals, monosomics and nullisomies (Hyperploidy) in polyploidses diploids.

SECTION-B

6. Alien gene transfer through chromosome manipulation: Transfer of whole genome, genome reconstruction, substitution of alien-chromosome interchange, uses.
7. Cytogenetics of sex determination & differentiation: Chromosome theory, genet balance theory, environmental control of sex, sex determination in plants & animals including humans, genetic imprinting.
8. Cytogenetic basis of apomixis; Classification, detection, cytology & embryology of apomiots, genetic basis, apomixis in plant breeding.
9. Molecular cytogenetics:

a)      Nuclear DNA content and its organization,

b)      Genetic, cytogenetic and physical maps using molecular markers. RFLP, RAPD, VNTR SSR etc.

c)      Multigene families in eukaryotes.

Recommended References:

1. Eldnidge, F.E.1997. Cytogenetics of Livestock. Avl Pub. Co. USA.
2. Gupta, P.K.1999. Cytogenetics. Rastogi & Co. India.
3. Shukla, R.S and Chandel P.S. 1995.Cytogenetics and Evolution” Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi, India
4. Swaminathan, Gupta and Sinha. 1998. Cytogenetics of Crop Plants. Macmillan India Ltd.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Ecology and Ecosystem: Definition, ecology as a science, nature of ecosystem, producers, consumers, decomposer, energy flow and mineral cycling individuals & species, populations, communities.
2. Biotic Environment: Laws of minimum tolerances, the medium, density, pressure and buoyancy, waves, current & wind, isolation, precipitation and climate, soil, nutrients and other factors.
3. Energy flow in ecosystem: Energy fixation by autotrophy, radiant energy, photosynthesis, primary production & productivity. Energy flow beyond the producers, autotrophy, detritus, flow model, food chain & food webs, pyramids.
4. Biogeochemical cycles: Gaseous and sedimentary nutrient cycles; carbon, nitrogen, sulfures phosphorous cycle. Nutrient budgets, internal & external nutrient budgets.
5. Major Ecosystem of the world: Biomes, biome distribution, lesser & tropical biomes, general Consideration of terrestrial ecosystem, Aquatic ecosystem, freshwater & marine ecosystem.
6. Physiological ecology: Effect of ecological factors on physiological functions of plants, animals and microbes.

SECTION-B

7. Population Ecology: Population growth and structure, growth curve, law, biotic potential, death rate, age structure, fluctuation and equilibrium. Population regulation, abiotic factors, inter & intra-specific relationships, productivity measurements.
8. Community Ecology: Structure and function of communities, forms, trophic structure, classification, individualistic & functional aspect of communities. Stability and change in communities, succession maturation & regulation of communities, epilogue on biodiversity & evolution.
9. Human Ecology:

a)      The nature of human ecology; origins, values and ethics of human environment.

b)   Human Population: Population growth, problems of population growth, controlling  

     growth, feeding the human populations.

c)   Anthropogenic impact:

i)        Impact on aquatic ecosystem, aquatic pollution & its control.

ii) Impact on terrestrial systems; lionizing radiation and radioisotopes, pesticides,  

     destruction of forest & grassland ecosystem.

iii) Impact on the Atmosphere: Particulates, ozone; positive & negative, carbon & world climate, Nuclear winter, Heavy metal pollution, acid precipitation, Epilogue, retrospective, perspective.

Recommended References:

1. Agarwal, S. K.1998. Fundamentals of Ecology” Ashish pub. House, New Delhi.
2. Colinvaux, P. 1993. Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. India..
3. Kerbs, C.J. Ecology “ 3^rd ed. 2001. Harper Collins Pub. New York.
4. Kormond, E.J. Concepts of Ecology” Prentice Hall of India Pvt.
5. Smith, G. 1983. Studies in Ecology. Vol. 9. Blackwell Scientific India Ltd. New Delhi.

02 Credit Hours; 01 Contact Hour/Week

1. Study of ecosystems in Bangladesh
2. Study of energy flow
3. Prepation of nutrient budgets
4. Detection of heavy metals in air soil and water.

Recommended References:

1. Agarwal, S. K.1998. Fundamentals of Ecology” Ashish pub. House, New Delhi.
2. Colinvaux, P. 1993. Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. India..
3. Kerbs, C.J. Ecology “ 3^rd ed. 2001. Harper Collins Pub. New York.
4. Kormond, E.J. Concepts of Ecology” Prentice Hall of India Pvt.
5. Smith, G. 1983. Studies in Ecology. Vol.9. Blackwell Scientific India Ltd. New Delhi.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Fine Structure of Gene: Promoters, proximal and distal regulatory sequences, enhanchers, transcription initiating, elongation and termination factors.
2. RNA Processing: Capping, splicing and polyadenylation of RNA.
3. Construction of Gene Libraries: Construction of DNA and genomic libraries, rational and importance of using DNA and genomic libraries.
4. Analysis of Gene and Gene Products: Analysis of DNA by Southern blotting hybridization and analysis of RNA by Northern blotting and Western blotting.
5. Homologous Recombination: Different types of recombination and brief discussion of site specific recombination.
6. Restriction Mapping: Restriction endonuclease, ligase and restriction mapping.
7. Gene Synthesis: Ribosomal RNA gene, RNA gene and foot printing.
8. Gene Silencing and RNA: Concept, mechanisms, and their roles, terminator gene.

SECTION-B

9. Genomic Organization: Structure and gene content of mitochondrial, nuclear and plastid gene expression, and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS).
10. Transport of nuclearly encoded products into organelles.
11. Molecular Control of Development: Discovery, types and occurance of transposable elements/transposons of eukaryotes, transposon tagging and genetic significance of transposons chromosome walking and substructive hybridization.
12. Genes in Development: Gene action during development and differtiantion, nuclear and cytoplasmic factors in development, truning genes on and off, development in Drosophila and Arabidopsis thaliana.
13. Mutagenesis: Molecular basis of mutation, targeted mutagenesis, in-vitro site specific mutagenesis.
14. Regulation of Plant Gene Expression: Signal transduction pathway, control of transcription position effect, DNA methylation, trans-acting factors. Post transcriptional control of gene expression.
15. Nature’s Genetic Engineer: Agrobactorium spp. Organization of Ti and Ri plasmid.

Recommended References:

1. Peter J. L. & Leegood, C. R. (1993). Plant Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. John Willey and sons.
2. Lewin, B. (1996) Gene VI. 7^th edition. McMillan Pub. Co. Ltd. USA, UK.
3. Gradener, E. J; Simmons, M. J. and D. P. Snustad (1997). Principles of Genetics. 8^th edition. john Willey & Sons Inc. Singapore, NY.
4. Brown, T. A (1995) Gene Cloning: An Introduction. 3^rd edition. Capman & Hall Co. Ltd. UK.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture: Definition, types of culture and historical development, purposes of cell, tissue and organ culture, cellular totipotency, cell and tissue growth process, characteristics and measurement method.
2. Laboratory Organization: Facilities, design, operation and management of laboratory.
3. Culture Media: Components, composition, functions of components, preparation of media. Solidification, media selection and maintenance of media.
4. Aseptic techniques: Plant tissues, chemicals, instruments, glassware’s and personal hygiene.
5. Microprogation: Selection collection and preparation of explants, plant regeneration: organogenesis and morphogenesis, direct and indirect methods of micro propagation of plants, transfer, storage and maintenance of cultures, factors affecting shooting and rooting, commercial tissue culture, precautions and trouble shooting during plant tissue culture.
6. Protoplast: Isolation, purification and culture of protoplast.
7. Production of disease free plants: Methods of virus elimination, virus indexing, eradication of pathogens other than virus, application and limitations.

SECTION-B

8. Somatic embryo production: Initiation of somatic embryo: callus and suspension culture, maintenance of callus and suspension culture, production and management of somatic embryo and its application, plant formation from somatic embryo.
9. Culture of anther/pollen, ovule, embryo, endosperm and their uses.
10. In vitro pollination and fertilization: Methods and applications.
11. Production and selection of somaclonal and gametoclonal variation, utilization of somaclone and gametoclone in agriculture, in vitro selection of disease resistant and stress tolerant plants.
12. In-vitro conservation of plant materials, methods and factors affecting in vitro conservation, maintenance of frozen culture.
13. Industrial Application of Plant Tissue Culture: Secondary metabolites derived from plants and their uses. Techniques of selecting cell lines for high production of secondary products. Mass cultivation of plant cells, scale-up, isolation, immobilization & purification and limiting factors.

Recommended References:

1. Bhojwani, S. S. (1990). Plant Tissue Culture. Oxford, NY. Gamborg, O. L. and G. C. Phillips (1996).
2. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
3. Razdan, M. K. (1993). An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Calcutta. India.
4. Reinert, J and Y. P. S. Bajaj (1995). Plant Tissue and Organ Culture: Applied and fundamental aspects. Narosa publishing House, New Delhi, India.
5. Vasil, I. K. and Thorpe. T. A. (1994). Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Techniques of media preparation and their stock solutions.
2. Selection and pretreatment of different kinds of explants.
3. Sterilization techniques of media, instruments and explants.
4. Detection of contamination of media and cultures.
5. Initiation of callus and regeneration.
6. Microscopic analysis of callus for cytodifferentiation.
7. Determination of appropriate stages of anther and pollen.

Recommended References:

1. Bhojwani, S. S. (1990). Plant Tissue Culture. Oxford, NY. Gamborg, O. L. and G. C. Phillips (1996).
2. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
3. Razdan, M. K. (1994). An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. India.
4. Reinert, J and Y. P. S. Bajaj (1995). Plant Tissue and Organ Culture: Applied and fundamental aspects. Narosa publishing House, New Delhi, India.
5. Vasil, I. K. and T. A. Throp (1994). Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. Kluwer Academic publishers. London. U.K.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Animal cell Cultures new understanding, new developments. Animal cell culture technology in the 21^st Century. Advantages and disadvantages of tissue culture.
2. Biology of the cultured cells: Culture environment, cell adhesion, initiation of culture, the development of continuums cell lines, Differentiation.
3. Culture of Specific Cell Types: Epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, neuroectodermal cells, hemopoietic cells.
4. Culture of Tumor Tissue: General methods, selective culture.
5. Three-Dimensional Culture Systems: Organ Culture, histotypic culture, filter wells.

SECTION-B

6. Preparation of cell Line: Isolation of different types of animal tissue; fibroblast, liver, kidney, bone marrow and their uses.
7. Maintenance of Culture Cells: Routine observation and maintenance; cloning and selection of specific cell-types.
8. Quantitation and Experimental Design: Selection of cell line; experimental design; growth phase; cell counting, preparation of samples for enzyme assay and immune assay. Preparation of samples for extraction of DNA and RNA.
9. Specialized Techniques of cell culture: Mass cell culture technique, Lymphocyte preparation. Auto radiography, cell synchrony, culture of aminiocytes, production of monoclonal antibodies.

Recommended References:

1. Beuvery, Griffiths and Zeijlemaker (1995). Animal Cell Technology. Kluwes Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
2. Jack G. Chirikjian (1995). Biotechnology: Theory and Techniques. Volume I. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, London, Singapore.
3. Jack G. Chinkjian (1995). Biotechnology: Theory and Techniques. Volume II. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, London, Singapore.
4. R.Ian Fresshney, (1998). Culture of Animal Cells. Third Edition, Wiley-Liss, A Hohn Willey and Sons, Inc. Publication, NY, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Deign, layout and laboratory requirements.
2. Techniques of sterilization.
3. Preparation of media.
4. Preparation of primary cell lines.
5. Maintenance of primary and permanent cell lines.
6. Cultivation of virus.
7. Virus assay techniques: TCID 50, Plaque assay, Immunofluorescence technique, Haemagglutination and Haemagglutination inhibition test, Enzyme linked Immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA), Agar Gel Immuno-diffusion test, Agglutination test, Complement fixation test, Serum Neutralization test (SWI).

Recommended References:

1. Beuvery, Griffiths and Zeijlemaker (1995). Animal Cell Technology. Kluwes Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
2. Jack G. Chirikjian (1995). Biotechnology: Theory and Techniques. Volume I. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, London, Singapore.
3. Jack G. Chinkjian (1995). Biotechnology: Theory and Techniques. Volume II. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, London, Singapore.
4. R.Ian Fresshney, (1998). Culture of Animal Cells. Third Edition, Wiley-Liss, A Hohn Willey and Sons, Inc. Publication, NY, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Importance of bioprocess engineering in biotechnology solid and fluid units and unit conversions.
2. Fluid Statics & Manometer: Static fluid properties, pressure and pressure gauge, measurement of fluid pressure.
3. Fluid Flow Phenomena: One dimensional flow, velocity profile and velocity gradient, viscosity and boundary layer. Renold's number, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid, laminar and turbulent flow.
4. Basic Equations of Fluid Flow: Equation of continuity, mechanical energy balance, roughness and friction factor flow through pipes, expansion, contraction and fitting losses.
5. Agitation & Mixing of Liquids: Introduction, equipment, standard turbine design.

SECTION-B

6. Mode of Heat Transfer: Conduction, convection, radiation.
7. Conduction: Fourier's Law, thermal conductivity, resistances in series, heat flow through cylinder.
8. Convection: Natural and forced convection, overall heat transfer co-efficients, dimensionless numbers.
9. Evaporation: Heat transfer in evaporators, classification and application of evaporators in food-processing industries. Multiple effect evaporators.
10. Heat Exchangers: Double pipe heat-exchangers, shell and tube heat exchangers.

Recommended References:

1. McCabe, W. L. Smith, J. C. and harriot, P. (1993). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. Fifth edition McGraw-Hill, Inc; Singapore.
2. Fox, R. W. and A. L. McDonald, (1995). Introduction to Fluid Mechanics. 4the edition, john Wiley & Sons, Singapore.
3. Streeter., V. L. and E. B. Wylie, Fluid Mechanics'. 15^th ed., S. Chand, Co. Ltd. ND, India.
4. Holman. J. P. (19920. Heat Transfer' 7^th edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Singapore.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Calibration of orifice meter.
2. Verification of Bernoulki's theorem with the help of a Bernoulli's apparatus.
3. Determination of flow rate by venturi meter and orifice plate.
4. Measurement of absolute viscosity of liquid by a falling sphere type viscometer.

Recommended References:

McCabe, W. L. Smith, J. C. and harriot, P. (1993). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. Fifth edition McGraw-Hill, Inc; Singapore.

Fox, R. W. and A. L. McDonald, (1995). Introduction to Fluid Mechanics. 4the edition, john Wiley & Sons, Singapore.

1. ^th ed., S. Chand, Co. Ltd. ND, India.
2. ^th edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Singapore.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION- A

1. Introduction: Introduction to food and nutrition, relation between food and nutrition, source of nutrient.
2. Constituents of food stuff: General observations on the composition of food stuffs, analytical & nutritional values, simple carbohydrate and be rived products, polysaccharides based food stuff lipid & protein based food staff vitamin & minerals based food stuff water and pigments based food stuff.
3. Biochemistry of principal foods cereals, proteins from leguminous plants and single cell organisms, fermented drinks, milk & dairy products, meat & blood products, eggs, oils & fats, additives.

SECTION- B

4. Nutritive value of food: Nutritive value of different food item.
5. Menu planning: Menu planning and meal preparation for a family malnutrition, balance sheet.
6. Nutritional Requirements: Nutritional requirements & food adequacy of adults, children, adolescence, mother, old age etc.
7. Food as a Medicine: Diabetes, peptin ulcer, liver disease, kidney dieses.

Recommended References:

1. Fundamentals of Food and Nutrition by suniati R M & MV Raja opal.
2. Hand book of ford & nutrition by Swami Nathan. M.
3. Channels Alcis & Guy linden. “Food Biochemistry” Flies Harwood, New York.
4. Panda PC & Text Book on Egg & poultry technology vikas pub. House Pvt. Ltd. India.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION- A

1. Introduction: Introduction and relationship of histology to other subjects.
2. Cells: Composition, activity, structural and functional organization.
3. Primary tissue of the body (epithelial tissue, connective tissue, adipose tissue), their significance, classification, location and histology.
4. Glands, blood and lymph with their classification and histology.

SECTION- B

5. Systemic study: Histology of the digestive respiratory, reproductive, skeletal, integumentary systems.
6. Muscles tissue: smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle, regeneration of muscle tissue.
7. Others: cartilage, mammary glands; glia, endocrine.

Recommended References:

1. Bialy’s text books of histology., W. M. Copenhagen, the Williams co. bastioned.
2. Histology, Roy, O. Greep. McGraw Hill book co. New York. London.
3. Fundamentals of the histology of Domestic Animals. – Traiutman and Feigner, Comstock publishing associates, Ithaca. New York.
4. Atlas of human histology, M. S. H. di Fiore, 1981, Fifth edition, Lea and Febiger.
5. Basic Histology, L. C. Junqueira et al, 1989, Sixth edition, Prentice-Hall International Inc.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Definition, scope and historical development of Pharmcognosy.
2. Drug literature and publications: Pharmacopoeia, codex, formulary, dispensatory and index, official, non-official, unofficial drugs.
3. Plants in biotechnologicals and traditional systems of medicines: Introduction, different types of alternative systems of treatments- Ayurvedic, Unani, Homeopathic medicine; contribution of traditionaol drugs to modern medicines, details of some common indigenous traditional drugs- Punamava, Vashaka, Anantarnul, Arjuna, Chirata, Picrorhiga, Kalomegh, Amla, Asoka, Bahera, Haritaki, Tulsi, Neem, Betel nut, Joan, Karela, Shajna, Corrot, Bael, Garlic, Jam and Madar.
4. Crude drugs: A general view of their origin, distribution, cultivation, collection, drying and storage, commerce and quality control; classification of druge; preparation of drugs; evaluation of crude drugs; drug adulteration, xenobiotic drugs.
5. a) Properties of the carbohydrates and lipid drugs along with their phytochemistry and pharmaceutical uses: sigar cpmtaomomg drigs-sicrpse, dextrpse, g;icpse, frictpse, polysaccharide containing drugs-starches, dextrins, gums and mucilages-tragacanth, acacia, sterculia, sodium alginateagar and cellulose; Castor oil, Linseed oil, Coconut oil, Olive oil, Peanut oil, Chaulmoogar oil, Beeswax, etc.

      b) Volatile oils and related termpeoids: methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry, their medicinal and commercial uses, biosynthesis of some important volatile oils used as drugs.

      c) Herb as health foods: Alfa, apricot pits, amica, garlic, onion, giseng, spiriluna, sassatras, honey.

SECTION-B

6. Vitamins and vitamin containing few selected animal drugs: Cod liver oil, shark liver oil, Hilsha fish/liver oil etc.
7. Surgical dressings and fibers.
8. Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical uses of glycosides and glycoside-containing drugs: Biosynthesis of glycosides and the details of: cyanogenic-wild cherry; isothiocyanate-mustard (black mustard and white mustard): cardiac-digitalis, strophanthus, squill; saponins-sarsaparilla, glycymhiza, dioscorea; anthraquinone-cascara sagrada, aloe, senna, rhubarb; other glycosides and neutral principles-gentian, quassia, saffron.
9. Phytochemistry and pharmaceutical uses of tannins and tannin containing drugs: Biosynthesis of tannins and details.
10. Phytochemistry and pharmaceutical uses of alkaloids and alkaloid-containing drugs: tropane-belladonna, stramonium, hyoscyamus, licaquinoline-cinchona, cusparia barkisoquionoline-jpecacs, opium, sanguinaria, curare; indole-rauwolfia, nex-vomica, ergot, catharanthus; imidazole-polocarplne; steroidal-veretrum viride, aconite; norlupinane-lupinus sppurine base-coffee, tea, cocoa.
11. Biosynthesis of tropane, quinoline, isoquinoline and indole alkaloids.

Recommended References:

1. Evans, W. C. 1989. Trease & Evans Textbook of Pharmacognosy, 13^th edition. University Press, Cambridge.
2. Ali, M. 1994. Textbook of Pharmacacognosy. Satish Kumar Jain for CBS.
3. Tyler, V. E. and Brady, L. R. 1988. Pharmacognosy. 9^th edition. Phliadelphia.
4. Gani, A. 1998. Meicinal Plants of Bangladesh: Chemical Constituents & Udes. 1^st Edition. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
5. Joshi, S. G. Medicinal Plants.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Application of Enzymes in Biotechnology: Advantages of using enzymes for manufacture of products; application of amylolitic, cellulytic, pectolytic and other industrial enzymes.
2. Microbial Screening, Selection and Strain Improvement: Introduction, sources of industrially important microorganisms, techniques of microbial screening, methods of strain improvement.
3. Enzyme Isolation, Purification and Assay: Introduction, objectives and strategies in enzyme purification; primary clarification of the soluble enzyme; methods of concentrating enzymes; various chromatographic methods for enzyme purification; examples of purification procedure; techniques of enzyme assay.

SECTION-B

4. Structure Determination of Enzymes: Introduction, determination of molecular weight, determination of amino acid composition; determination of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures; unfolding and refolding of enzyme.
5. Industrial Production of Enzymes: Enzymes isolated on an industrial scale and their application.

6. Immobilized Enzymes: Isolated enzymes vs. immobilized enzymes, immobilized whole cell vs. immobilized enzymes. Methods of enzyme immobilization, application of immobilized enzyme.

Recommended References:

1. Wiseman, A. (1985). Principles of Biotechnology. Surrey University Press and Chapman and Hall, New York.
2. Nicholas C. Price & Lewis Stevens (1990). Fundamental of Enzymology. 2^nd edition. Oxford Science Publications, UK  
3. Watson, J. D Gilman, M, Witkowskli, J., Zoller, M. (1992). Recombinant DNA Technology, Scientific American Books.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: History, soil fertility, sources of nitrogen, N-cycle, forms of soil nitrogen, amount of nitrogen-fixed. Factors affecting nitrogen fixation.
2. Nitrogen Fixation: Methods discharge of electricity, activity of symbionts, activity of free fixers, manufacture of synthetic synthetic nitrogen. Interactions of O₂ with N₂- fixation; supplies of electrons; energy requirement for N₂ fixation. Mechanism of penetration of Rhizobium into roots, signal exchange before cell infection, interaction at the root hair surface infection, infection thread development and nodulation; function of the nodule; measurement of N₂ fixation. Factors affecting nodule development.
3. Nitrogenase: Discovery, nature and mode of action and mechanism of nitrogen-fixation.
4. The Nif genes: Nif+ and Nif- ; genetics of Nif in Klebsiella pneumoniae; structure and regulation of Nif genes in K. penumoniae, Rhizobium and Anabeana.
5. Assimilation of fixed nitrogen: Ammonia assimilation.

SECTION-B

6. Isolation, Identification and Classification of the Following Microorganisms used as Biofertilizers: Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillium, Frankia and Mycorrhizae.
7. Production of Biofertilizers: a) Rhizobium: Mass-production, inoculants, quality control, methods of inoculation and agronomic improtance. b) Azotobacter: Physiology and fuction, crop response. c) Azospirillium: Physiology and function, Inoculant, crop response. d) Frankia: Infection and nodule development. e) Mycorrhizae: Types, physiology and function, inoculum production and inoculation techniques.
8. Blue green algae (BGA): Nitrogen transformations in a low land rice ecosystem; heteroysts-modes of nitrogen fixation in BGA, isolation of BGA, agroclimatic variations; algalization-mass cultivation; multiplication of BGA in the field and effect of inoculation on the yield of rice, pay off from BGA inoculant.
9. General Discussion on: Azolla, green manure, algae and soil reclamation, organic matter composting and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, benefits from biofertilizers.

Recommended References:

1. Gary Stacey, Robert H. Burris and Harold J. Evans (1997). Biological Nitrogen Fixation. First Indian edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, India.
2. Postagate J. R. (1982). The Fundamentals on Nitrogen Fixation. First Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge CB21RP

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Isolation, characterization and identification of the following microorganisms: Rhizobium, spp. Asotobacter spp. and BGA.
2. Nodulation experiments.
3. Study on algalization technique.
4. Study on Azolla spp.
5. Organic matter composting processes.

Recommended References:

1. Gary Stacey, Robert H. Burris and Harold J. Evans (1997). Biological Nitrogen Fixation. First Indian edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, India.
2. Postagate J. R. (1982). The Fundamentals on Nitrogen Fixation. First Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge CB21RP

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Comparative assessment of chemical and biological reactors, design criteria.
2. Biological reaction kinetics: The ideal batch reactor, the ideal continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), kinetic implications of endogenous and maintenance metabolism, other forms of growth kinetics, environmental effects on growth kinetics, growth of filamentous organisms.
3. Transport phenomena in bioprocess systems: Introduction, gas-liquid mass transfer in cellular systems, critical oxygen concentration and oxygen uptake, determination of oxygen transfer rates, mass transfer across free surfaces, surfaces, factor affecting oxygen transfer rates, sterilization of gases and liquids by filtration.

SECTION-B

4. Design and analysis of biological reactors: Ideal bioreactors, reactor dynamics, reactor with non-ideal mixing, sterilization reactors, immobilized biocatalysts, multiphase bioreactors, design and operation of a typical aseptic, aerobic biological process.
5. Instrumentation and control: Introduction, process control, in-line measurements, on-line measurements, computers and interfaces.
6. Bioprocess economics: Optimization, types of costs and expenditure.

Recommended References:

1. Bailey, J. E. and D. F. Ollis, (1986).”Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals” second ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., Singapore.
2. Moo-Young, M. (ed.), (1985) “Comprehensive Biotechnology”, Volume-2, pergamon press, UK.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Definition, selection criteria, importance of different processes, broth characteristics, operational sequences.
2. Disruption of Microbial Cell: Introduction, composition and structure of different cell wall (bacteria, yeast, other fungi), analysis of disruption, laboratory-scale and large-scale disruption techniques.
3. Recovery and Purification Processes: Membrane separations, electrophoresis, chromatography, precipitation, crystallization, cell recovery by filtration, centrifugation, drying.

SECTION-B

4. Ultra Filtration: Introduction, development of semi-permeable membrane, methods of preparation, factors affecting membrane structure, UF membrane characteristics and performances, membrane fouling and treatment, UF equipment, UF processes in biotechnology.
5. Liquid-liquid Extraction: Introduction, principles of liquid extraction, solvent selection, estraction equipment, process considerations.
6. Ion-Exchange Recovery: Scope, materials, processing methods, ion-exchange recovery of protein.
7. Distillation: Introduction, advantages, principle, process.

Recommended References:

1. Moo-Young, M. (ed.) (1985) Comprehensive Biotechnology, Volume-2, Pergamon Press, UK.
2. Bailey, J. E. and D. F. Ollis, (1986). Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, second ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., Singapore.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Concept and objectives of science & technology and technology transfer.
2. Learning: Concept, theories and laws of learning; learning process, steps of learning and transfer of learning
3. Education: Definition, objectives, principles, types, philosophy; education system in Bangladesh. Role and activities of non-formal education in social mobilization and motivation for dissemination and adoption of technology in different national, international and Non Governmental Organizations.
4. Communication: Definition, importance, elements, medium and types of communication. Communicators, message, audience, audience response, audio-visual aids and communication.
5. Teaching Methods: Definition, steps, classification, methods with their relative merits and demerits. Aids of teaching.
6. Technology: Characteristics of appropriate technology, categories of technology, implications of technology.

SECTION-B

7. Adoption and Diffusion of Technology: Definition and types of innovation, characteristics of innovation, innovation decision, adoption and diffusion, diffusion of innovation process, stages of knowledge and diffusion process, elements of diffusion, adopter categories and their salient features, adoption and innovation factors. Innovation diffusion; factors of the demand and supply of innovation. Planning extension/technology transfer campaigns, on-farm testing and verification of new technology, approach of adapting and dissemination of new technology to farmers.
8. Technology Assessment and Acquisition: Concepts of technology assessment, characteristics, process and factors and tools of technology assessment. Process of technology development and acquisition.
9. Technology Transfer Planning: Concept of technique, know-how, planning, transfer and diffusion of technology. Elements, factors, problem and issues of technology transfer; sources of appropriate technology of different sectors in Bangladesh; technology generating agencies in different sectors of Bangladesh and their activities and policy.

Recommended References:

1. ESCAP Technology Transfer: An ESCAP Training Manual. United Nations Economic and Social Commission For Asia and The Pacific.
2. Islam, M. N. and M. M. Haque (1996). Technology Planning and Control. BUET, Dhaka.
3. Kashem, M. A. (1992). Samprasaran Bijana (Extension Science). Bangladesh Packing Press Ltd. Dhaka.
4. Lionberger, H. F. (1960). Adoption of New Ideas and Practices. Ames. Iowa State University Press.
5. Rogers, E. M (1982). Diffusion of Innovations. The Free Press of Glencoe. NY.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Study of different teaching and training aids.
2. Planning a training programm for the clients of biotechnological products/ services.
3. Preparation of posters, literature and booklets.
4. Study of model science & technology park and science fair to disseminate technology.
5. Study of technology transfer mechanism of different developmental sectors of Bangladesh.
6. Visit to different research organizations, Govt. Institutes, Private sectors and NGOs to observe the technology transfer activities, preparation and submission of reports.

Recommended References:

1. ESCAP Technology Transfer: An ESCAP Training Manual. United Nations Economic and Social Commission For Asia and The Pacific.
2. Islam, M. N. and M. M. Haque (1996). Technology Planning and Control. BUET, Dhaka.
3. Kashem, M. A. (1992). Samprasaran Bijana (Extension Science). Bangladesh Packing Press Ltd. Dhaka.
4. Lionberger, H. F. (1960). Adoption of New Ideas and Practices. Ames. Iowa State University Press.
5. Rogers, E. M (1982). Diffusion of Innovations. The Free Press of Glencoe. NY.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Isolation and purification of DNA and RNA.
2. Quantitation of nucleic acids by UV absorbance spectrometry.
3. Fractionation of RNA: Isolation of RNA.
4. Isolation of plasmid DNA by CsCI-ethidium bromide equilibrium density gradent centrifugation.
5. Properties, use and detection of radio-labelled molecules.
6. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA.
7. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of protein and microsequencing from two dimensional gel.

SECTION-B

8. Southern blot hybridization and colony blot hybridization and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
9. Restriction endonuclease digestion of plasmid DNA and determination of restriction fragment profile by agarose gel electrophoresis.
10. Non-radioactive DNA probes.
11. Cloning of DNA fragments in a plasmid.
12. Isolation of specific genes from a gemomic and DNA libraries.
13. DNA sequencing by dideoxy chain termination method.

Recommended References:

1. Maniatis, T.; Fritsch E. F.; and Sambrook J. (1984). Molecular cloning – A laboratory manual. Cold spring harbor laboratory, USA.
2. Old, R. W.; and Primrose. S. B. (1989). Principles of Gene Manipulation. Backwell Scientific Publications.

03Credit Hours; 03Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: The concept of disease in plants, causes of plant disease, classification of plant disease, importance of plant diseases, diagnosis of plant diseases.
2. Parasitism and Disease Development: Parasitism and pathogenecity, stages in the development of plant disease (inoculation, infection, growth and reproduction of the pathogen, dissemination of the pathogen, overwintering and /or over summering of the pathogen), symptomology.
3. Host-Pathogen Interaction:
4. Pathogen attack of host plants:

i) Mechanical forces exerted by pathogens ii) Chemical weapons of pathogens (Enzymes, toxins and growth regulators)

1. Host defense against pathogens:

i) Structural defense ii) Biochemical defense

1. Pathogens effect on plant physiological functions:

i) Effect of pathogens on photosynthesis ii) Effect of pathogens on host plant respiration iii) Effect of pathogens on translocation of water and nutrients in the host plant

   d)   Host resistance and pathogen virulence:

i) Immunity and resistance ii) Mechanisms of maintaining variation in plant pathogens and its significance iii) Genetic control of resistance and virulence iv) Gene for gene theory

4. Plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi: Classification and rapid detection of pathogen.

SECTION-B

5. Plant virology: Isolation and purification, disease symptoms, translocation and distribution of viruses in plants, rapid detection.
6. Selected crop diseases (symptoms, causal agents, disease cycle and control measures):

i)        Field crops: Rice, Jute, Wheat, Sugarcane, Maize and Groundnut

ii)      Fruits: Citrus, Banana and Mango

iii)    Vegetable crops: Potato, Tomato, Cabbage and Cauliflower

iv)    Miscellaneous: Tea, Tobacco

7. Seed-borne disease: i) Seed-borne bacterial diseases ii) Seed-borne viral diseases iii) Seed-borne fungal diseases iv) Control of seed-borne diseases.
8. Plant Disease Control:

i)        Chemical control of plant diseases: Types of chemicals used and specification of a good fungicide, protestant versus systemic fungicides, mechanisms of action of fungicides, evaluation of fungicides in vitro. Resistance of plant pathogens of fungicides.

ii)      Biological control of diseases: Use of resistant host varieties, cross protection and interference, hyperparasites, trap crop and antagonistic plants and microorganisms.

Recommended References:

1. Agrios, G. M. 1972. Plant Pathology, Academic Press, London, U.K.
2. Campbell, R. 1989. Biological control of microbial plant pathogens, Cambridge University Press, London, U. K.
3. Neergaard, P. 1980. Seed Pathology (vol. 1 and 2), Academic Press, London, U. K.
4. Singh, R. S. 1980. Plant Diseases, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, India.

02 Credit Hours; 01Contact Hour/Week

1. Preparation and sterilization of culture media for the growth of plant pathogen.
2. Isolation, purification and identification of plant pathogens obtained from diseased plant parts.
3. Evaluation of fungicides in vitro.
4. Handling of equipments used for applying fungicides.
5. Seed health testing methods.
6. Collection, identification and preservation of diseased plant specimens.

Recommended References:

1. Agrios, G. M. 1972. Plant Pathology, Academic Press, London, U.K.
2. Campbell, R. 1989. Biological control of microbial plant pathogens, Cambridge University Press, London, U. K.
3. Neergaard, P. 1980. Seed Pathology (vol. 1 and 2), Academic Press, London, U. K.
4. Singh, R. S. 1980. Plant Diseases, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, India.

02 Credit Hours; 01 Contact Hour/Week

1. Plant DNA extraction from leaf tissue/petiole, purification, quality checking and quantification of extracted DNA sample.
2. Culturing of E. coli and isolation and purification of plasmid DNA.     
3. Agarose gel electrophoresis and separation of DNA.
4. Preparation of vector DNA and transformation of competent E. Coli.
5. Culturing of Agrobacterium tumifaciens and Agrobacterum tumifaciens mediated transformation of plants and their bioassay.
6. Protoplast isolation and fusion with PEG.
7. Direct DNA transfer to protoplast and plant regeneration from protoplast.
8. Encapsulation of somatic embryo and testing of synthetic seed.
9. ELISA testing of viral plant pathogens in tomato and brinjal.

Recommended References:

1. Call, J. A.; Ford-Loyd, B. V. and H. J. Newbury (1997). Biotechnology and Plant Genetic Resources: Conservation and use. Biotechnology in Agriculture series No. 19 CAB International, UK.
2. Chect, I. (1993). Biotechnology in Plant Disease Control. Wiley-Liss Pub. Singapore.
3. Khush, G. S and G. Toenniessen (1991). Rice Biotechnology. Biotechnology in Agriculture Series No. 6 CAB International, UK.
4. Gelvin, S. B.; Schilperoot, R. A and Verma, D. P. S. (1989). Plant Molecular Biology Manual. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, London.
5. Prersely. G. J. (1997). Agricultural Biotechnology: Country Case Studies. CAB International UK.
6. Prersely. G. J. (1996). Biotechnology and Integrated Pest Management. Biotechnology in Agriculture Series No. 15. CAB International, UK.
7. Robertson, D.: Shore, S. and Miller, D.M. (1997). Manipulation and Expression of DNA; A Laboratory Manual. Academic Press. London. NY.
8. Skerrit, J. H. and R. Apples (1995). New Diagnostics in Crop Sciences. Biotechnology in Agriculture Series No. 13 CAB International, UK.
9. Tzotzos, T, G. (1995). Genetically Modified Organisms: A Guide to Biosafty. CAB International, UK.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Application of Biotechnology for animal production. Animal cell culture product.
2. Embryo Transfer in Domestic Animals: Definition, history, advantages and application of embryo transfer. Steps in embryo transfer technique: selection and management of donor and recipients; super ovulation techniques; oestrus synchronization; oestrus detection; insemination of the donor; preparation of culture media; collection of embryos (surgical and non-surgical methods). Handling of embryos: identification of embryos; evaluation of embryos; cryopreservation of embryos; transfer of embryos (surgical and non-surgical transfer), limitations of embryo transfer techniques.
3.    In Vitro Fertilization in Ruminants: Introduction; potential use of in vitro fertilization. Mechanisms involved in fertilization: harvesting of occyte; maturation of occytes; collection and capacitation of sperm; fertilization and development of embryos to a transferable stage.

      SECTION-B

4. Genetic Manipulation: Evaluation of chromosomes of ova; micromanipulation of gametes, Separation of X and Y chromosome; embryos and zona pellucida.
5. Micromanipulation of farm animal embryos. Anatomy and physiology of Embryos in relation to micromanipulation, culture methods, dividing embryos. Combining embryonic cells, intracellular manipulation, conserving manipulated embryos.
6. Cloning: Definition; history of animal cloning; cloning of sheep, cattle and monkeys & humans
7. Recombinant DNA technology and production of transgenic animal/ GM animal.
8. Synthetic peptides in animal health, production & Application of monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies.
9. Vaccine production by recombinant DNA technology.
10. Organ transplantation

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Selection of donor and recipient animals.
2. Synchronization of oestrus.
3. Detection of oestrus.
4. Superovulation and artificial insemination
5. Transfer of embryos.

Recommended References:

1. Benjamin, B.G. (1981). New Technologies in Animal Breeding, Academic Press, NY, London, Tokyo, Sydney.
2. Gordon, I. (9183). Controlled Breeding in Farm Animals. Pergamon Press, Oxfore, NY, Toronto Sydney, Paris and Frank Furt.
3. Hafez, E. S. E. (1987). Reproduction in Farm Animals. LEA and Febiger, Philadelphia.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Biotechnological applications of microorganisms in agriculture, food, medicine, pharmaceuticals, environment and industry.
2. Production of single-cell proteins for use in food or feed, yeasts and yeast products.
3. Genetic engineering of microorganisms. Restriction endonucleases, plasmid cloning vector, creating and screening a library, cloning DNA sequences, vectors for cloning, genetic transformation.
4. Production of commercial products by recombinant microorganisms. Organic acids, indigo, amino acids, antibiotics, biopolymers, polysaccharides, alginate.
5. Improvement of antibiotic strains under Bangladesh conditions.

SECTION-B

6. Bacterial cell engineering by protoplast fusion.
7. Engineering enzymes for clinical diagnosis.
8. Immobilization and co-immobilization of microorganism, biosensor and its applications.
9. Microbial production of therapeutic agents. Viral gene delivery system.
10. Production of foreign proteins from recombinant microorganisms.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Production of SCP in laboratory scale.
2. Production of various commercially important bimolecular of microbial origin.
3. Protoplast fusion of microorganisms.
4. Genetic engineering of microorganisms.

Recommended References:

1. HaiYH & George G. K. Food biotechnology (Microorganism) Wiley- VCH, New York.
2. Molecular Biotechnology by Bernard R. Glick and Jack J. Pasternat
3. Malik, V.S. and Sridhor, P.1992. Industrial Biotechnology. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. India.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Concept of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), quality control, quality assurance & In-process control in pharmaceutical industry.
2. Determination of potency of antibiotic or anti-microbial preservative in pharmaceutical products. Production of Antibiotics & biopolymers by DNA technology.
3. Manufacture of Immunological products (vaccine and immunize) and their quality control. Subunit vaccine, vaccine, alienated vaccine, vector vaccine.
4. Production of new bio-pharmaceuticals (therapeutically useful substances) by recombinant DNA Technology: Interferon, insulin, somatostain, human growth hormone, HIV therapeutic agents.
5. Cloning of Human disease genes: Detection of mutations in unman gasses, Functional gene cloning, Candidate gene cloning, Positional gene cloning, Positional- candidate gene cloning.

SECTION-B

6. Gene therapy: Human gene therapy, Ex-vivo & in-vivo gene therapy, gene delivery system, nuclei acid therapeutic agents, protein therapy.
7. Infectious and Genetic Diseases. Diagnosis of diseases by conventional and DNA based probes: Causes, factors, transmissions, detection & control/treatment of following diseases: diabetes, hunting tons disease, fragile- x syndrome, retinoblastoma, decennia muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer disease, cancer, familial hyper cholestorema, AIDS, lesh-nyhan syndrome, gushers disease, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia.
8. DNA finger printing; principle, VNTRs, STRs, RFZP different methods, PCR based DNA fingerprinting, polymorphism, application of DNA fingerprinting.
9. Human Genome project, Genetic counseling.
10. Regulation: Patenting       Biotechnology inventions Regulating & DNA technology     Deliberate release of genetically engineered organisms, cloning human? Patenting, Patenting in different countries, Patenting ONA sequences Patenting Multicultural organisms, Patenting & Fundamental Research
11. Topics on current interest/ issue of medical & pharmaceutical biotechnology.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Determination of potency of antibiotics.
2. Vaccine production and testing in laboratory
3. Production of biopharmaceuticals
4. Detection of genetically transmitted diseases of humans
5. Visiting of different pharmaceutical industries.

Recommended References:

1. Glick BR and Pasternak J.J.1998. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Application of recombinant DNA; 2^nd ed. ASM press, Washington,
2. K. A. Malik, K.A.; Nasim, A and Khalid, A. M. 1995. Biotechnology for sustainable development. Published by NIBGE, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
3. Hugue, W.B.and. Russel, A. D.1993. Pharmaceutical Microbiology. CBS Pub. India
4. Noris, J.R. and Richmond, M.H.2001.Assays in Applied Microbiology, John Wiley & Sons.UK

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Definition, types and objectives of research; research process, criteria of good research, basic concept of experiment and research; meaning, characteristics, validity and steps of research.
2. Logistic Support: Direct and indirect logistic support for effective research.
3. Research planning Methodology: Meaning and characteristics of a problem, selection of a problem, meaning and characteristics of a good hypothesis, formulating and ways of stating of hypotesis; research approach, process, research project planning.
4. Research planning: Identification and prioritization of research problems for appropriate technology development.
5. Research systems in Bangladesh (in agriculture, health, industry, fisheries, livestock sectors & different universities).
6. Data collection and presentation, experimental/research design, data analysis in multiyear and multiplication yield trial of genetically engineered crop varieties, and calculation of genetical values.

SECTION-B

7. Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Rapid Rural System Appraisal (RRSA).
8. Research project preparation, implemetation and evaluation.
9. Ex-ant analysis of research design and critical path method for planning and management of project.
10. Literature Review: Purpose and source of review; preparation of index card for reviewing and abstracting; review of scientific reports.
11. Method of writing annual reports and research highlights and interpretation: Concept, techniques and significance and precautions of interpretatin. Types, purpose, format, steps and significance of research report writing, precautions of writing research reports. Evaluation of research reports. Salient feature of research highlights and exectuive summary.

Recommended References:

1. BARI/BARC (1990). Resource Manual of Research Planning and Evaluation Training course, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur-1701.
2. Kotari, C. R. (1990). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. Wiley Eastern Ltd., India.
3. Singh, A. K. (1993). Tests, Measurements and Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences. Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. New Delhi, India.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Definition, an overview of bioinformatics, objectives, kinds of data used, multiplicity and redundancy of data, major bioinformatics data bases, data integration and analysis, career in bioinformatics.
2. Using Unix, Linux operating system: Concepts of Linux, basis of Linux, Linux file system and directories, text processing, writing shell program.
3. Programming with Perl: Programming of Perl, illustration of programming in Perl, operations, file input, and output, applications of Perl program, Bioperl.
4. Biological data base: Understanding and using biological data bases, types, networking and data bases, Java clients, CORBA, MYSQL. Agrobase 4 and PDB.
5. Tools for sequence alignment: Introduction, Fasta, Blast, filtering and gapped blast, PSI blast, MSA, MSA consideration, viewing MSA, applications.

SECTION-B

6. Visualization and prediction of gene and protein: Using pattern to predict genes, methods and tools of gene prediction, different protein structure data bases and visualization tools, methods of structure prediction of protein and protein function, accuracy of prediction.
7. Gene mapping and expression: Gene, mapping, application of mapping, DNA sequencing. Algorithm of alignment of sequencing, DNA microarrays, microarray experimrnt desing and data analysis.
8. Proteomics: Proteom analysis, tools for proteome analysis, genetic networks, network properties and analysis, E.cell.
9. Retrieving information using internet and CE-ROM, human genome project.

Recommended References:

1. Attwood, T. K. and Parry-smith, D. J. 2004. Introduction to Bioinformatics. Perason Eduction, India.
2. Klefenz, H. 2002. Industrial Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Wiley-VCH, Germany.
3. Mendira, H. N. 2002. Bioinformatics. CBS Pub. India.
4. Sudarshan, K and Silberschatz. 2002. Data Base System Concepts, 4^th ed. McGraw Hill Book Inc. India.

02 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Nature, scope and importance of production economics; Assumptions, advantages and limitations of static production economics.
2. Factor Product Analysis: Physical Product functions and related concepts; features of a typical production process; stages of production in factor-product analysis. Forms of production fujnction and their relative advantages.
3. Factor Analysis: isoquants and their characteristifs; isoclines and ridge lines; stages of production in factor-factor analysis; partial elasticity of production and function coefficients; changes in factor proportions and changes in the scale.
4. Product Product Analysis: Derivation of production possibility curves; vertical and horizontal combinations of enterprises.

SECTION-B

5. Optimum Input Use: Value product functions and their relationships; pofit maximization and determination of optimum input use in factor-product, factor-factor and product-product analyses.
6. Profit Maximizing Output: Cost and recenue functions, equilibrium of the firm; determination of profit maximizing output under various market conditions; derivations of supply functions.
7. Linear Programming: Components and assumptions of linear programming; solution of a simple linear programming problem.

Recommended References:

1. Bishop, C. C. and Toussaint, W. D. (1958). Introduction to Agricultural Economic Analysis; John Wiley & Sons, Inc. NY, Singapore.
2. Bradford, L. A. and Johnson, G. L. (1967). Farm Management Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, Singapore.
3. Dillon. J. L. (1979). The Analysis of Response in Crop and Livestock Production; Pograamon Press, oxford.
4. Dillon, J. L. and Hardaker, J. B. (1993). Farm Management Research for Small Farmer development; FAO Farm System Management Series; FAO, Rome.
5. Doll, J. P. and Orazem, F. (1984). Production Economics Theory; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, Singapore.
6. Ferguson, C. E. (1966). Microeconomic Theory; Richard D. Irwin Inc., Illinois.
7. Heady, E. O. (1952). Economics of Agricultural Production and Resource Use; Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.
8. Heady. E. O. and Dillon, J. L. (1961). Agricultural Production Functions; lowa stage University Press, Ames.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Sampling of milk: Sampling procedures- individual sample, composite sample and preservation of samples.
2. Determination of fat by Babcock and Gerber method.
3. Determination of specific gravity, S. N. F and T. S of food.
4. Detction of adulteration in milk
5. Tests for quality: Sediment test, acidity test, methylene blue reduction test and phosphatase test.
6. Judging of dairy products.
7. Cream separation- Testing of cream for fat and acidity, organolaptic evaluation.
8. Butter and ghee making.
9. Cheese making: Manufacture of cottage cheeses and Cheddar Cheese.
10. Manufacture of dalhi (sweet and sour), cultured milk and matha.
11. Ice-cream mix making processing of mix, freezing and packaging of ice-cream.

1. Preparation of jelly, jam, boiled sweet candy, fruit squash, pickles, chanteney, baby and balance diets.
2. Determination of moisture, total protein content, acid value, fat, ash, crude fibre, sucrose content, total reducing sugar and alkalinity in different food products.
3. Natural drying (dehydration) of foods.
4. Preservation of food by radiation and low temperature.
5. Field trips to modern dairy plants, beverage industries, confectionery, bakery and fruit processing industries to obtain practical experiences in processing of milk, menufacture of butter, ghee, powder milk, Ice-cream, biscuits, cake, baby food, carbonated beverage, chocolate, gum, candy, balanced diet, jam, jelly and gereral management of different plants.

Recommended References:

1. Andrews, S. (1994). Food and Beverage Service Training Manual, Eighteenth re trintm, Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company Ltd, New Delhi.
2. Choudhurym A. C. Practical Dairy Science and Laboratory Methods, Scientific Book Agency, 103, Netazi Subash Road, Calcutta, India.
3. Eckles, C. H. Combs, W. B. and Macy, H., (1994). Milk and Milk Products, fourth edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing company Ltd., Bombay, New Delhi.
4. Eskin, N. A. M. (1996). Biochemistry of Foods, Second Edition. Academic Press, Inc.
5. Kosikowskim, F. Cheese and Fermented Milk Foods, Coronnell university, Ithaca, New York.
6. King. R. D. (1996). Food Biotechnology. John Wily & Sons, U. S. A.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

SECTION-A

1. Introduction: Environment & sustainable development, biogeochemical transformations of C, N, S and P.
2. Environmental Pollution: Definition, Nature of Pollutants. Types of pollution: origin, effects & control systems.
3. Biodegradation: Microbial degradation of cellulose, pesticides, aromatics and hydrocarbons.
4. Biopesticides Production: Fungi (Trichoderma spp. and Glycladium sp.) Bacteria (Bacillus sp.) Baculoviruses and Neem
5. Waste Utillization: Production of Single-cell protein, biogas, biofertilizers etc.
6. Bioloeachingy, Biosorption and Fossil Fuel Processing: Concepts and application.
7. Bioremediation: Pollution control of heavy metals; zinc, lead, mercury, copper and cadmemium. Arsenic pollution; its effects and possible remedies.
8. Biodeterioration: Prevention of biodeterioration of valuable materials.

SECTION-B

9. Water Supply and Treatment Methods: Introduction, softening, coagulation & flocculation, sedimentation, filtration.
10. Water Quality Management: Introduction, water pollutant and their sources; water quality and standards. Water quality management techniques. Rapid detection of water borne pathogens and risk assessment of chemicals.
11. Waste Water Treatment: Waste water microbiology. Waste water characteristics of different sources. Pretreatment, primary treatment and secondary treatment. Advanced waste water treatment. Domestic, municipal and industrial waste water treatment systems. Sludge treatment and disposal.
12. Environmental Laws & Standards: Environmental legislation and regulation, environmental ethics.

Recommended References:

1. Davis, M. L. and D. A. Cornwell (1991). Introduction to Environmental Engineering: Second edition, McGraw –Hill Inc. Singapore.
2. Green, J H. (1979). Food Processing and Waste Management AVI Pub. Co. Inc. Westport.
3. Moo-Young, M. M (1985). Comprehensive Biotechnology Pergamon Press Ltd. Headington Hill Hall, Oxford, England.
4. Pelczar, Chan and krieg. Microbiology, 5^th ed. Mcgraw Hill, New Delhi, India.
5. Sohal, H. S. (1994). Environment and Biotechnology. Ashishn Publishing House, Punjabi Bag New Delhi.
6. Young M. M. (1997). Environmental Biotechnology Elsiever Pub. Ltd. Netherland.

01 Credit Hours; 02 Contact Hour/Week

1. Determination of dissolves oxygen (DO)
2. Measurement of turbidity
3. Measurement of iron
4. Determination of total dissolved solids.
5. Determination of arsenic in water.
6. Study on the basis of applications of biological agents for biotechnological control of environmental pollution-bioleaching, biosorption, bioaccumulation and precipitation of metals; hazardous materials degradation; biocontrol of pest and rapid detection of pathogen.

Recommended References:

1. Davis, M. L. and D. A. Cornwell (1991). Introduction to Environmental Engineering: Second edition, McGraw –Hill Inc. Singapore.
2. Green, J H. (1979). Food Processing and Waste Management AVI Pub. Co. Inc. Westport.
3. Moo-Young, M. M (1985). Comprehensive Biotechnology Pergamon Press Ltd. Headington Hill Hall, Oxford, England.
4. Pelczar, Chan and krieg. Microbiology, 5^th ed. Mcgraw Hill, New Delhi, India.
5. Sohal, H. S. (1994). Environment and Biotechnology. Ashishn Publishing House, Punjabi Bag New Delhi.
6. Young M. M. (1997). Environmental Biotechnology Elsiever Pub. Ltd. Netherland.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

Section-A

1. Introduction: Implications of instruments in biotechnological research, historical development, list of instruments used in biotechnological research.
2. Selection of instruments and their models.
3. Maintenance of common lab. Equipments.
4. Types, main component parts, working principles and method of handling of different blanaces, water stills, freezers, shakers, de-inonizer plants, pH meter and water baths.

Section-B

5. Types, main component parts, working principles and method of handling of different types of ovens, incubators, centrifuges and laminar hood cabinet.
6. Types, main component parts, working principles and method of handling of different types of electrophoresis machine, spectrophotometers and chromatographic instruments.
7. Types, main component parts, working principles and method of handling of HPLC, PCR machine, Protein and DNA sequencers.

Recommended References:

1. Reed. R.: Holmes, D. and Janathan (1998). Practical Shills in Biomolecular Science. Addison Wesley Longman Ltd. UK.
2. Hamilton and Swell (1982). Introduction to HPLC. Academic Press, UK.
3. Williams and Flemmings (1980). Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry.

03 Credit Hours; 03 Contact Hour/Week

Section-A

1. Concepts, scope and importance.
2. DNA copying and mutation, DNA sequencing, fragment assembly, restriction mapping and PCR techniques.
3. Size and structure of genome of different organisms.
4. Recognizing coding regions and annulating genes.
5. Human Genome Project (HGP): Structure, functions and evolution of human genome, human disease genes.
6. Genomic data bases: Finding and browsing genome maps on the webs, ensemble and map viewer, web interferences to genomic analyses, Align DNA to protein.
7. Phylogenetics: Distance measure, neighbor joining and parsimony, statistical inference principles, maximum likelihood inferences, Bayesian inferences.
8. Microarray: Definition, types, cancer and genomic microarrays, improving health care with DNA microarrays.

Section-B

9. Proteomics: Definition, scope, application of proteomics, tools of proteomics, flow scheme of proteins, types of proteins.
10. Protein structure: Primary, secondary and tertiary or super secondary structure, structure determination, 2D gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry.
11. Protein modification: Post-translational modification, protein-protein interactions, protein expression, profiling, modification, mechanism of protein folding, tertiary folds, formation of oligomers, relationship between protein structure and functions, prions, structure prediction and human proteomics, mutant proteins.
12. Protein structure and drug discovery.
13. Protein analysis and identification: Two dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometers for protein and peptide analysis, SDS-PAGE, strategies of protein identification.

Recommended References:

1. HaiYH & George G. K. Food biotechnology (Microorganism) Wiley- VCH, New York.
2. Molecular Biotechnology by Bernard R. Glick and Jack J. Pasternat
3. Malik, V.S. and Sridhor, P.1992. Industrial Biotechnology. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. India.
4. Glick BR and Pasternak J.J.1998. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Application of recombinant DNA; 2^nd ed. ASM press, Washington,
5. K. A. Malik, K.A.; Nasim, A and Khalid, A. M. 1995. Biotechnology for sustainable development. Published by NIBGE, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
6. Hugue, W.B.and. Russel, A. D.1993. Pharmaceutical Microbiology. CBS Pub. India
7. Noris, J.R. and Richmond, M.H.2001.Assays in Applied Microbiology, John Wiley & Sons.UK